Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis (HSE) is the most common sporadic viral encephalitis in Western countries. Over the last 15 years, human genetic and immunological studies have provided ...proof-of-principle that childhood HSE can result from inborn errors of central nervous system (CNS)-specific, cell-intrinsic immunity to HSV-1. HSE-causing mutations of eight genes disrupt known (TLR3-dependent IFN-α/β immunity) and novel (dependent on DBR1 or snoRNA31) antiviral mechanisms. Monogenic inborn errors confer susceptibility to forebrain (TLR3-IFN or snoRNA31) or brainstem (DBR1) HSE. Most of these disorders display incomplete clinical penetrance, with the possible exception of DBR1 deficiency. They account for a small, but non-negligible proportion of cases (about 7%). These findings pave the way for the gradual definition of the genetic and immunological architecture of childhood HSE, with both biological and clinical implications.
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•3D rGO-supported CoNi alloy-encapsulated N-doped CNT arrays are fabricated.•The unique 3D architectures show excellent EMW absorption performances.•The RL, min value of 3D ...architectures is −41.13 dB at d = 3.5 mm.•Effective absorption bandwidth is up to 3.2 GHz at d = 2.0 mm.•Even at d of 1.4–2.0 mm, the RL, min values of 3D architectures can reach −10 dB.
Because of the unique physicochemical properties of three-dimensional (3D) architecture, it has attracted wide attention in the field of electromagnetic wave absorption. However, it is difficult to grow carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets due to ultrathin feature of rGO sheets. In this work, we grow CoNi nanoparticle-encapsulated within nitrogen-doped CNT (NCNT) arrays on ultrathin rGO sheets (3D CoNi/N-GCT) through a simple vacuum freeze-drying process and subsequent carbonization at a high temperature. The unique 3D architectures have large surfaces, abundant defects, various interfaces and void spaces, and nitrogen dopants. Benefitting from these advantages, the 3D CoNi/N-GCT shows excellent absorption properties toward electromagnetic wave. We find that the dielectric loss of our designed sample can be modulated by the metal composition and the morphology, leading to the controllable electromagnetic wave absorption property of the 3D CoNi/N-GCT. Our strategy opens a novel strategy for development 3D architectures for electromagnetic wave absorption.
Mobile and wearable devices have enabled numerous applications, including activity tracking, wellness monitoring, and human-computer interaction, that measure and improve our daily lives. Many of ...these applications are made possible by leveraging the rich collection of low-power sensors found in many mobile and wearable devices to perform human activity recognition (HAR). Recently, deep learning has greatly pushed the boundaries of HAR on mobile and wearable devices. This paper systematically categorizes and summarizes existing work that introduces deep learning methods for wearables-based HAR and provides a comprehensive analysis of the current advancements, developing trends, and major challenges. We also present cutting-edge frontiers and future directions for deep learning-based HAR.
The sigma (σ)‐hole effect has emerged as a promising tool to construct novel architectures endowed with new properties. A simple yet effective strategy for the generation of monofluoromethyl radicals ...is a continuing challenge within the synthetic community. Fluoromethylphosphonium salts are easily available, air‐ and thermally stable, as well as simple‐to‐handle. Herein, we report the ability of the σ‐hole effect to facilitate the visible‐light‐triggered photolysis of phosphonium iodide salts, a charge‐transfer complex, selectively giving fluoromethyl radicals. The usefulness and versatility of this new protocol are demonstrated through the mono‐, di‐, and trifluoromethylation of a variety of alkenes.
Simple and selective synthesis of fluoromethylated alkenes, heterocycles, enamines and heteroarenes by using the readily available and bench‐stable fluoromethylphosphonium iodide salts is described. Key to this privileged transformation is the formation of a photoactive charge‐transfer complex involving the σ‐hole effect of phosphonium salts.
Human TBK1: A Gatekeeper of Neuroinflammation Ahmad, Liyana; Zhang, Shen-Ying; Casanova, Jean-Laurent ...
Trends in molecular medicine,
06/2016, Volume:
22, Issue:
6
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
The importance of TANK binding kinase-1 (TBK1), a multimeric kinase that modulates inflammation and autophagy, in human health has been highlighted for the first time by the recent discoveries of ...mutations in TBK1 that underlie amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), normal tension glaucoma (NTG) or childhood herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE). Gain-of-function of TBK1 are associated with NTG, whereas loss-of-function mutations result in ALS/FTD or in HSE. In light of these new findings, we review the role of TBK1 in these seemingly unrelated, yet allelic diseases, and discuss the role of TBK1 in neuroinflammatory diseases. This discovery has the potential to significantly increase our understanding of the molecular basis of these poorly understood diseases.
Promoting the intrinsic activity and accessibility of basal plane sites in 2D layered metal dichalcogenides is desirable to optimize their catalytic performance for energy conversion and storage. ...Herein, a core/shell structured hybrid catalyst, which features few‐layered ruthenium (Ru)‐doped molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets closely sheathing around multiwalled carbon nanotube (CNT), for highly efficient hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is reported. With 5 at% (atomic percent) Ru substituting for Mo in MoS2, Ru‐MoS2/CNT achieves the optimum HER activity, which displays a small overpotential of 50 mV at −10 mA cm−2 and a low Tafel slope of 62 mV dec−1 in 1 m KOH. Theoretical simulations reveal that Ru substituting for Mo in coordination with six S atoms is thermodynamically stable, and the in‐plane S atoms neighboring Ru dopants represent new active centers for facilitating water adsorption, dissociation, and hydrogen adsorption/desorption. This work provides a multiscale structural and electronic engineering strategy for synergistically enhancing the HER activity of transition metal dichalcogenides.
A core/shell structured hybrid of ruthenium (Ru)‐doped molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and carbon nanotube is constructed as a high‐performance electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction. Experimental and theoretical studies demonstrate that Ru substituting for Mo in MoS2 could efficiently activate the neighboring S atoms in the basal plane, and thus give rise to outstanding hydrogen evolution reaction catalytic activity.
The liquefaction of pinewood in the presence of various solvents (water, acetone and ethanol) was studied so as to investigate the solvent effects on the biomass liquefaction process. Experiments ...were conducted in an autoclave in the conditions of temperature range 523–723
K, starting pressure 1
MPa, reaction time 20
min, biomass 10
g and solvent 60
g, respectively. The liquid products and solid residues were characterized by GC–MS and FTIR. The results showed that the liquefaction products were greatly affected by the solvent type. With acetone as extraction agent, 4-methyl-1,2-benzenediol was one of the major compounds, while ethanol favored the formation of (
E)-2-methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)-phenol and water significantly narrowed the products distribution. Among the tested solvents, acetone had the highest conversion rate, while the highest oil yield reached 26.5% at 473
K in ethanol. The FTIR analysis showed that cellulose liquefaction speed in water preceded in acetone and ethanol, and the solid residue consisted of solid carbon and a little amount of lignin fragments at 723
K.
Type I interferons (IFNs) have broad and potent antiviral activity. We review the interplay between type I IFNs and SARS-CoV-2. Human cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 in vitro produce low levels of ...type I IFNs, and SARS-CoV-2 proteins can inhibit various steps in type I IFN production and response. Exogenous type I IFNs inhibit viral growth in vitro. In various animal species infected in vivo, type I IFN deficiencies underlie higher viral loads and more severe disease than in control animals. The early administration of exogenous type I IFNs improves infection control. In humans, inborn errors of, and auto-antibodies against type I IFNs underlie life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia. Overall, type I IFNs are essential for host defense against SARS-CoV-2 in individual cells and whole organisms.
•Existence of MPs was observed in guppy gut.•Exposure to MPs decreased the gut digestive enzymes activities.•Exposure to MPs stimulated the expression of gut immune response.•Exposure to MPs induced ...gut microbiota dysbiosis.
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Microplastics (MPs) are widely distributing in aquatic environment. They are easily ingested by aquatic organisms and accumulate in digestive tract especially of intestine. To explore the potential effects of MPs on intestine, here we, using juvenile guppy (Poecilia reticulata) as experimental animal, investigated the response characteristics of digestion, immunity and gut microbiota. After exposure to 100 and 1000 μg/L concentrations of MPs (polystyrene; 32–40 μm diameters) for 28 days, we observed that MPs could exist in guppy gut and induce enlargement of goblet cells. Activities of digestive enzymes (trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase and lipase) in guppy gut generally reduced. MPs stimulated the expression of immune cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, TLR4 and IL-6). Through high throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene, decreases in diversity and evenness and changed composition of microbiota were found in guppy gut. PICRUSt analysis revealed that MPs might have effects on intestinal microbiota functions, such as inhibition of metabolism and repair pathway. Our findings suggested that MPs could retain in the gut of juvenile guppy, impair digestive performance, stimulate immune response and induce microbiota dysbiosis in guppy gut. The results obtained here provide new insights into the potential risks of MPs to aquatic animals.
Benefiting from the advantages of organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs), including synthetic versatility of organic molecular design and environmental sensitivity, gas sensors based on OFETs have ...drawn much attention in recent years. Potential applications focus on the detection of specific gas species such as explosive, toxic gases, or volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that play vital roles in environmental monitoring, industrial manufacturing, smart health care, food security, and national defense. To achieve high sensitivity, selectivity, and ambient stability with rapid response and recovery speed, the regulation and adjustment of the nano/microstructure of the organic semiconductor (OSC) layer has proven to be an effective strategy. Here, the progress of OFET gas sensors with nano/microstructure is selectively presented. Devices based on OSC films one dimensional (1D) single crystal nanowires, nanorods, and nanofibers are introduced. Then, devices based on two dimensional (2D) and ultrathin OSC films, fabricated by methods such as thermal evaporation, dip‐coating, spin‐coating, and solution‐shearing methods are presented, followed by an introduction of porous OFET sensors. Additionally, the applications of nanostructured receptors in OFET sensors are given. Finally, an outlook in view of the current research state is presented and eight further challenges for gas sensors based on OFETs are suggested.
The present work summarizes the latest progresses in organic field‐effect transistor (OFET) gas sensors with nano/microstructure. Fabrication techniques in modulating the organic semiconductor (OSC) micro/nano structures from different dimensions, including one dimensional (1D) single crystal nanowires, nanorods and nanofibers, two dimensional (2D) and ultrathin OSC films, and porous OFET sensors are presented. Additionally, the applications of nanostructured receptors in OFET sensors are given.
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