Five canonical tastes, bitter, sweet, umami (amino acid), salty, and sour (acid), are detected by animals as diverse as fruit flies and humans, consistent with a near-universal drive to consume ...fundamental nutrients and to avoid toxins or other harmful compounds. Surprisingly, despite this strong conservation of basic taste qualities between vertebrates and invertebrates, the receptors and signaling mechanisms that mediate taste in each are highly divergent. The identification over the last two decades of receptors and other molecules that mediate taste has led to stunning advances in our understanding of the basic mechanisms of transduction and coding of information by the gustatory systems of vertebrates and invertebrates. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in taste research, mainly from the fly and mammalian systems, and we highlight principles that are common across species, despite stark differences in receptor types.
In this Review, Liman, Zhang, and Montell discuss recent advances in taste research, mainly from the fly and mammalian systems, highlighting principles that are common across species despite stark differences in receptor types.
Highlights
Bottlenecks for developing polymer based electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding composites are proposed and inner reasons are discussed
Possible directions to break through ...bottlenecks are raised and recent advances in such directions are introduced.
Development trends in the future are foreseen to provide theoretical basis and technical guidance for development of polymer based EMI shielding composites.
The rapid development of aerospace weapons and equipment, wireless base stations and 5G communication technologies has put forward newer and higher requirements for the comprehensive performances of polymer-based electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding composites. However, most of currently prepared polymer-based EMI shielding composites are still difficult to combine high performance and multi-functionality. In response to this, based on the research works of relevant researchers as well as our research group, three possible directions to break through the above bottlenecks are proposed, including construction of efficient conductive networks, optimization of multi-interfaces for lightweight and multifunction compatibility design. The future development trends in three directions are prospected, and it is hoped to provide certain theoretical basis and technical guidance for the preparation, research and development of polymer-based EMI shielding composites.
Below a certain level, table salt (NaCl) is beneficial for animals , whereas excessive salt is harmful. However, it remains unclear how low-and high-salt taste perceptions are differentially encoded. ...We identified a salt-taste coding mechanism in Drosophila melanogaster. Flies use distinct types of gustatory receptor neurons (GRNs) to respond to different concentrations of salt. We demonstrated that a member of the newly discovered ionotropic glutamate receptor (IR) family, IR76b, functioned in the detection of low salt and was a Na⁺ channel. The loss of IR76b selectively impaired the attractive pathway, leaving salt-aversive GRNs unaffected. Consequently, low salt became aversive. Our work demonstrated that the opposing behavioral responses to low and high salt were determined largely by an elegant bimodal switch system operating in GRNs.
Highlights
Hierarchically multifunctional polyimide composite films were fabricated by hierarchical design and assembly strategy.
Polyimide composite films have three functional layers and integrates ...high thermal conductivity (95.40 W (m K)
−1
), excellent EMI shielding (34.0 dB) and good tensile strength (93.6 MPa).
Polyimide composite films present broad application prospects in electronics fields according to the test results in the central processing unit.
The development of lightweight and integration for electronics requires flexible films with high thermal conductivity and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding to overcome heat accumulation and electromagnetic radiation pollution. Herein, the hierarchical design and assembly strategy was adopted to fabricate hierarchically multifunctional polyimide composite films, with graphene oxide/expanded graphite (GO/EG) as the top thermally conductive and EMI shielding layer, Fe
3
O
4
/polyimide (Fe
3
O
4
/PI) as the middle EMI shielding enhancement layer and electrospun PI fibers as the substrate layer for mechanical improvement. PI composite films with 61.0 wt% of GO/EG and 23.8 wt% of Fe
3
O
4
/PI exhibits high in-plane thermal conductivity coefficient (95.40 W (m K)
−1
), excellent EMI shielding effectiveness (34.0 dB), good tensile strength (93.6 MPa) and fast electric-heating response (5 s). The test in the central processing unit verifies PI composite films present broad application prospects in electronics fields.
Reflecting students' mental health data through vocal music teaching expressive system is a research hotspot in vocal music teaching psychology. Based on the theory of students' expressiveness in ...vocal music teaching, this paper constructs a psychological model of vocal music teaching. The model uses psychological data mining technology to conduct a feasibility study and analysis on the mental health education of vocal music students, solves the quantitative problem of mental health, and analyzes the relationship between psychological problems and students. In the simulation process, the psychological data of the vocal music freshmen of a certain college was taken as the research object, and the association rule Apriori algorithm was used to analyze the relationship between the factors of the psychological dimension. Psychological data mining was carried out, and descriptive indicators and univariate analysis methods were used to analyze the current situation of students' mental health and personality characteristics, and Pearson correlation analysis and structural equation model were used to explore the relationship between their mental health and personality characteristics. The amount of vocal music learning is the duration of the load and the total number of tasks completed within a single exercise or a series of exercises. ASP-NET and SQLServer2008 and other experimental results show that the chi-square test value of the overall fit of the model is 20.078, and the ratio of the chi-square value to the degree of freedom is 4.016, which has a relatively high accuracy and effectively enhances the psychological data mining technology in vocal music students for operation and practicality of applications in health data analysis.
Polyaniline (PANI) was co-doped using dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) and hydrochloric acid (HCl), and few-layered Ti3C2Tx was prepared via ionic intercalation followed by sonication-assisted ...method. Then the Ti3C2Tx/co-doped PANI (Ti3C2Tx/c-PANI) electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding composite films were prepared by vacuum assisted filtration. FTIR, XPS, XRD, and Raman indicated that c-PANI was successfully synthesized. XRD, SEM, AFM, and TEM revealed the successful preparation of few-layered Ti3C2Tx. The electrical conductivity, EMI shielding effectiveness (EMI SE), and tensile strength of the Ti3C2Tx/c-PANI EMI shielding composite films were all increased with increasing the mass fraction of Ti3C2Tx. When the mass ratio of Ti3C2Tx to c-PANI was 7:1, the thickness of Ti3C2Tx/c-PANI composite film was only 40 μm. And the corresponding electrical conductivity, EMI SE, and tensile strength were significantly enhanced to 24.4 S/cm, 36 dB, and 19.9 MPa, which were 81, 2.3, and 7.7 times those of pure c-PANI film (0.3 S/cm, 16 dB, and 2.6 MPa), respectively. Our fabricated Ti3C2Tx/c-PANI EMI shielding composite films present potential applications in the high-tech fields with demand for ultrathin, lightweight, and flexible EMI shielding materials.
On the basis of canopy height variables, vegetation index, texture index, and laser point cloud index measured with unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) low altitude remote sensing, we used eight machine ...learning (ML) models to estimate the aboveground biomass of different species of mangroves in Beibu Gulf and compared the accuracy of different ML models for these estimations. The main species of typical mangrove communities in Kangxiling were Aegiceras corniculata and Sonneratia apetala. The trunks of Sonneratia apetala were thicker, with an average height of 11.82 m, whereas Aegiceras corniculata trees were shorter, with an average height of 2.58 m. The XGBoost regressor (XGBR) model had the highest accuracy in estimating mangrove aboveground biomass (R2 = 0.8319, RMSE = 22.7638 Mg/ha), followed by the random forest regressor model (R2 = 0.7887, RMSE = 25.5193 Mg/ha). Support vector regression, decision tree regressor, and extra trees regressor had poor fitting effects. Mangrove texture index ranked first in importance for the model, followed by the mangrove laser point cloud height index, and the laser point cloud intensity index performed the worst in the model. Mangrove aboveground biomass in the study area is high in the north and low in the south, ranging from 38.23 to 171.80 Mg/ha, with an average value of 94.37 Mg/ha. Generally, the XGBR method can better estimate the aboveground biomass of mangroves based on the measured mangrove plot data and UAV low-altitude remote sensing data.
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•The mangrove community of Sonneratia apetala has been diffused into the Aegiceras corniculata community.•We established the technical method of retrieving mangrove aboveground biomass based on UAV data and plot survey data.•We have pioneered the use of eight ML algorithms to estimate the aboveground biomass of mangrove in South Subtropical China.•The XGBR algorithm in machine learning model can better estimate the aboveground biomass of mangrove.
Food texture has enormous effects on food preferences. However, the mechanosensory cells and key molecules responsible for sensing the physical properties of food are unknown. Here, we show that akin ...to mammals, the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, prefers food with a specific hardness or viscosity. This food texture discrimination depends upon a previously unknown multidendritic (md-L) neuron, which extends elaborate dendritic arbors innervating the bases of taste hairs. The md-L neurons exhibit directional selectivity in response to mechanical stimuli. Moreover, these neurons orchestrate different feeding behaviors depending on the magnitude of the stimulus. We demonstrate that the single Drosophila transmembrane channel-like (TMC) protein is expressed in md-L neurons, where it is required for sensing two key textural features of food—hardness and viscosity. We propose that md-L neurons are long sought after mechanoreceptor cells through which food mechanics are perceived and encoded by a taste organ, and that this sensation depends on TMC.
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•Fruit flies can discriminate foods based on hardness and viscosity•A force-activated multidendritic (md-L) neuron in the tongue senses food texture•Transmembrane channel-like (TMC) protein is critical for detecting food texture•Texture sensation by md-L neurons is mediated by an intensity-coding mechanism
Zhang et al. established Drosophila as a model to reveal how animals evaluate food texture. They identified a multidendritic neuron in the fly tongue and the transmembrane channel-like homolog, which are critical for selecting foods based on hardness and viscosity.
Despite the positive impact of trade liberalization on food availability in India, severe inequality in nutrition consumption at the district level persists. Empirical evidence on the relationship ...between trade liberalization and nutrition consumption inequality often offers a country-level perspective and generates disputed outcomes. The study aimed to explore the effects of trade liberalization on inequality in nutrition consumption at the district level in India and to examine the heterogeneity of the impact on different nutrition consumption.
Our study employed the Gini Index to measure nutrition consumption inequality of 2 macronutrients and 5 micronutrients at the district level in India during 2009-2011, utilizing the comprehensive FAO/WHO individual food consumption data. The import tariff was adopted as a proxy for trade liberalization, as its externally imposed nature facilitates a causal interpretation. We further identified the direct causal relationship between food trade liberalization and inequality in nutrition consumption using a fixed effects model.
The results show that more than 50% of the individuals in the survey districts did not meet the dietary standards for both macronutrients and micronutrients. Food trade liberalization hindered the improvement of inequality in nutrition consumption. As import tariffs were reduced by 1%, the inequality in intake of calories, zinc, vitamin B1, and vitamin B2 increased significantly by 0.45, 0.56, 0.48, and 0.66, respectively, which might be related to food market performance. The results also highlight the positive role of the gender gap, female-headed households, and caste culture on inequality in nutrition consumption in India.
To ease the shock of liberalization and minimize its inequality effects, complementary measures should be adopted, such as improving food logistic conditions in poor areas, and nutrition relief schemes.
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