Sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks are envisioned to provide global coverage for the intelligent digital society of the near future, ranging from traditional terrestrial to non-terrestri-al ...networks, where reliable communications in high-mobility scenarios at high carrier frequencies would play a vital role. In such scenarios, the conventional orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation, that has been widely used in both the fourth-generation (4G) and the emerging fifth-generation (5G) cellular systems as well as in WiFi networks, is vulnerable to severe Doppler spread. In this context, this article aims to introduce a recently proposed two-dimension-al modulation scheme referred to as orthogonal time-frequency space (OTFS) modulation, which conveniently accommodates the channel dynamics via modulating information in the delay-Doppler domain. This article provides an easy-reading overview of OTFS, highlighting its underlying motivation and specific features. The critical challenges of OTFS and our preliminary results are presented. We also discuss a range of promising research opportunities and potential applications of OTFS in 6G wireless networks.
ECG is a non-invasive tool used to detect cardiac arrhythmias. Many arrhythmias classification solutions with various ECG features have been reported in literature. In this work, a new method ...combined with a novel morphological feature is proposed for accurate recognition and classification of arrhythmias. First, the events of the ECG signals are detected. Then, parametric features of ECG morphology, i.e., amplitude, interval and duration, are extracted from selected ECG regions. Next, a novel feature for analyzing QRS complex morphology changes as visual patterns as well as a new clustering-based feature extraction algorithm is proposed. Finally, the feature vectors are applied to three well-known classifiers (neural network, SVM, and KNN) for automatic diagnosis. The proposed method was assessed with all fifteen types of heartbeats as recommended by the Association for Advancement of Medical Instrumentation from the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database and achieved the best overall accuracy of 97.70% based on KNN, using the combined parametric and visual pattern features of ECG Morphology. The accuracies for the six main types - normal (N) , left bundled branch blocks (L), right bundled branch blocks (R), premature ventricular contractions (V), atrial premature beats (A) and paced beats (P) are 97.79%, 99.50%, 99.59%, 97.69%, 89.70%, and 99.92%, respectively. Comparisons with peer works prove a marginal progress in automatic heart arrhythmia classification performance.
In this paper, we study power-efficient resource allocation for multicarrier non-orthogonal multiple access systems. The resource allocation algorithm design is formulated as a non-convex ...optimization problem which jointly designs the power allocation, rate allocation, user scheduling, and successive interference cancellation (SIC) decoding policy for minimizing the total transmit power. The proposed framework takes into account the imperfection of channel state information at transmitter and quality of service requirements of users. To facilitate the design of optimal SIC decoding policy on each subcarrier, we define a channel-to-noise ratio outage threshold. Subsequently, the considered non-convex optimization problem is recast as a generalized linear multiplicative programming problem, for which a globally optimal solution is obtained via employing the branch-and-bound approach. The optimal resource allocation policy serves as a system performance benchmark due to its high computational complexity. To strike a balance between system performance and computational complexity, we propose a suboptimal iterative resource allocation algorithm based on difference of convex programming. Simulation results demonstrate that the suboptimal scheme achieves a close-to-optimal performance. Also, both proposed schemes provide significant transmit power savings than that of conventional orthogonal multiple access schemes.
Computer-aided drug design uses high-performance computers to simulate the tasks in drug design, which is a promising research area. Drug-target affinity (DTA) prediction is the most important step ...of computer-aided drug design, which could speed up drug development and reduce resource consumption. With the development of deep learning, the introduction of deep learning to DTA prediction and improving the accuracy have become a focus of research. In this paper, utilizing the structural information of molecules and proteins, two graphs of drug molecules and proteins are built up respectively. Graph neural networks are introduced to obtain their representations, and a method called DGraphDTA is proposed for DTA prediction. Specifically, the protein graph is constructed based on the contact map output from the prediction method, which could predict the structural characteristics of the protein according to its sequence. It can be seen from the test of various metrics on benchmark datasets that the method proposed in this paper has strong robustness and generalizability.
Prediction of drug-target affinity by constructing both molecule and protein graphs.
With the advances in technology, there has been an increasing interest from researchers and industrial institutions in the use of underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs). Constrained by the open ...acoustic channel, harsh underwater environment, and their own particularities, UWSNs are vulnerable to a wide class of security threats and malicious attacks. However, most existing research into UWSNs has not taken security into consideration. Moreover, the existing relatively mature security mechanisms for WSNs cannot be directly utilized in UWSNs. For these reasons, this article aims to present a comprehensive overview of the particularities, constraints, attacks, challenges and current security mechanisms of UWSNs. In addition, challenging, open and hot research topics are outlined.
Nanoscale filament is the active area in oxygen vacancy type resistance random access memory (ReRAM), which is formed stochastically during electric test after being fabricated in a clean room. That ...is, the filament dimension cannot be controlled with a designed mask pattern. Here, we introduce a formula to describe the current cycle-to-cycle trajectories based on a stochastic differential equation (SDE) with microscopic structure parameters: filament dimension and oxygen vacancy concentration. Since ReRAM conduction follows hopping, the filament can be described by a random resistance network (RRN). The stochastic configuration of an RRN follows the Brownian motion, which is the key parameter in the diffusion of SDE. The formula provides a practically quantitative filament characterization method, which is verified by direct observation of the filament in actual devices. Based on the formula, we can predict ReRAM endurance with the given microscopic structure parameters.
Accurate prediction of molecular properties is important for new compound design, which is a crucial step in drug discovery. In this paper, molecular graph data is utilized for property prediction ...based on graph convolution neural networks. In addition, a convolution spatial graph embedding layer (C-SGEL) is introduced to retain the spatial connection information on molecules. And, multiple C-SGELs are stacked to construct a convolution spatial graph embedding network (C-SGEN) for end-to-end representation learning. In order to enhance the robustness of the network, molecular fingerprints are also combined with C-SGEN to build a composite model for predicting molecular properties. Our comparative experiments have shown that our method is accurate and achieves the best results on some open benchmark datasets.
Binding sites are the pockets of proteins that can bind drugs; the discovery of these pockets is a critical step in drug design. With the help of computers, protein pockets prediction can save ...manpower and financial resources. In this paper, a novel protein descriptor for the prediction of binding sites is proposed. Information on non-bonded interactions in the three-dimensional structure of a protein is captured by a combination of geometry-based and energy-based methods. Moreover, due to the rapid development of deep learning, all binding features are extracted to generate three-dimensional grids that are fed into a convolution neural network. Two datasets were introduced into the experiment. The sc-PDB dataset was used for descriptor extraction and binding site prediction, and the PDBbind dataset was used only for testing and verification of the generalization of the method. The comparison with previous methods shows that the proposed descriptor is effective in predicting the binding sites. A new protein descriptor is proposed for the prediction of the drug binding sites of proteins. This method combines the three-dimensional structure of a protein and non-bonded interactions with small molecules to involve important factors influencing the formation of binding site. Analysis of the experiments indicates that the descriptor is robust for site prediction.
Many engineered approaches have been proposed over the years for solving the hard problem of performing indoor localization using smartphone sensors. However, specialising these solutions for ...difficult edge cases remains challenging. Here we propose an end-to-end hybrid multimodal deep neural network localization system, MM-Loc, relying on zero hand-engineered features, but learning automatically from data instead. This is achieved by using modality-specific neural networks to extract preliminary features from each sensing modality, which are then combined by cross-modality neural structures. We show that our choice of modality-specific neural architectures can estimate the location independently. But for better accuracy, a multimodal neural network that fuses the features of early modality-specific representations is a better proposition. Our proposed MM-Loc system is tested on cross-modality samples characterised by different sampling rate and data representation (inertial sensors, magnetic and WiFi signals), outperforming traditional approaches for location estimation. MM-Loc elegantly trains directly from data unlike conventional indoor positioning systems, which rely on human intuition.
Bathymetric data is crucial for navigation safety and various applications. However, only a small portion of the seafloor has been systematically mapped through direct measurement. The remaining ...bathymetry is estimated from satellite altimeter data, providing only an approximate representation of the seafloor's shape. To address this issue, the convolutional neural network (CNN) is introduced for the analysis of seabed topography. To the best of our knowledge, this marks the first attempt to incorporate the CNN into the definitive map of the world ocean floor. By employing skip connections based on residual learning, we construct a deeper CNN layer that effectively reduces training complexity. The deeper convolutional neural network layer is used to create a more complex nonlinear mapping model, which is then employed to downscale low-resolution seabed topographic data in order to obtain high-precision seabed topographic information. This process enhances the representation of seabed topographic data to reflect the actual terrain more accurately. The results are compared with those obtained using the bicubic difference method. Conducting tests near the Gulf of Thailand, where Malaysia Airlines Flight MH370 was lost, the results demonstrate that the method proposed in this paper achieves higher accuracy in processing the downscaling of seabed topographic data.
•Convolutional neural networks refine seabed terrain does not direct electromagnetic detection.•The first attempt to incorporate a CNN into the final map of the world's seabed.•Basic application of artificial intelligence algorithms in “smart ocean".•Specific application of seabed research in the missing area of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH370.•It contributes a new idea to the global seabed geomorphologic map.
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