Three data fusion strategies (low-llevel, mid-llevel, and high-llevel) combined with a multivariate classification algorithm (random forest, RF) were applied to authenticate the geographical origins ...of
Panax notoginseng
collected from five regions of Yunnan province in China. In low-level fusion, the original data from two spectra (Fourier transform mid-IR spectrum and near-IR spectrum) were directly concatenated into a new matrix, which then was applied for the classification. Mid-level fusion was the strategy that inputted variables extracted from the spectral data into an RF classification model. The extracted variables were processed by iterate variable selection of the RF model and principal component analysis. The use of high-level fusion combined the decision making of each spectroscopic technique and resulted in an ensemble decision. The results showed that the mid-level and high-level data fusion take advantage of the information synergy from two spectroscopic techniques and had better classification performance than that of independent decision making. High-level data fusion is the most effective strategy since the classification results are better than those of the other fusion strategies: accuracy rates ranged between 93% and 96% for the low-level data fusion, between 95% and 98% for the mid-level data fusion, and between 98% and 100% for the high-level data fusion. In conclusion, the high-level data fusion strategy for Fourier transform mid-IR and near-IR spectra can be used as a reliable tool for correct geographical identification of
P. notoginseng
.
Graphical abstract
The analytical steps of Fourier transform mid-IR and near-IR spectral data fusion for the geographical traceability of
Panax notoginseng
Water splitting for the production of hydrogen and oxygen is an appealing solution to advance many sustainable and renewable energy conversion and storage systems, while the key fact depends on the ...innovative exploration regarding the design of efficient electrocatalysts. Reported herein is the growth of CoP mesoporous nanorod arrays on conductive Ni foam through an electrodeposition strategy. The resulting material of well‐defined mesoporosity and a high specific surface area (148 m2 g−1) can be directly employed as a bifunctional and flexible working electrode for both hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions, showing superior activities as compared with noble metal benchmarks and state‐of‐the‐art transition‐metal‐based catalysts. This is intimately related to the unique nanorod array electrode configuration, leading to excellent electric interconnection and improved mass transport. A further step is taken toward an alkaline electrolyzer that can achieve a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at a voltage around 1.62 V over a long‐term operation, better than the combination of Pt and IrO2. This development is suggested to be readily extended to obtain other electrocatalysis systems for scale‐up water‐splitting technology.
Flexible, bifunctional electrodes with self‐supported CoP mesoporous nanorod arrays are fabricated through an electrodeposition strategy. The electrodes possess well‐structured mesoporosity and a high specific surface area, exhibiting high activities toward both electrochemical hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions. In a further step, an alkaline electrolyzer with a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at 1.62 V in a long‐term operation is realized.
Photocatalytic hydrogen production is crucial for solar‐to‐chemical conversion process, wherein high‐efficiency photocatalysts lie in the heart of this area. A photocatalyst of hierarchically ...mesoporous titanium phosphonate based metal–organic frameworks, featuring well‐structured spheres, a periodic mesostructure, and large secondary mesoporosity, are rationally designed with the complex of polyelectrolyte and cathodic surfactant serving as the template. The well‐structured hierarchical porosity and homogeneously incorporated phosphonate groups can favor the mass transfer and strong optical absorption during the photocatalytic reactions. Correspondingly, the titanium phosphonates exhibit significantly improved photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate along with impressive stability. This work can provide more insights into designing advanced photocatalysts for energy conversion and render a tunable platform in photoelectrochemistry.
A multi‐structured photocatalyst: A metal–organic framework (MOF) nanostructure synthesized by a surfactant‐directed strategy features a stable framework of titanium phosphates, a well‐defined sphere, and hierarchical nanopores. These features ensure competitive photoactivity in evolving hydrogen under both visible light and full‐spectrum simulator irradiation, along with high durability.
In this study, the porphyrin based porous organic polymer, Py-POP, is estimated to be an efficient multifunctional platform integrating adsorption and photocatalysis. For model dyes of methylene blue ...(MB) and rhodamine B (RhB) which are with same cationic charge and little difference in size, Py-POP exhibits excellent selective adsorption capacity for MB. Furthermore, Py-POP exhibits good photocatalytic ability in the degradation of both RhB and MB/RhB mixture under visible light source irradiation. The adsorption kinetics can be fitted well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the photocatalytic mechanism study reveals that singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical simultaneously act as reactive species in photodegradation. As a stable, recyclable, multifunctional platform integrating selective adsorption and photocatalysis, Py-POP provides the material basis for novel industrial route design for dye wastewater treatment technique. Our findings highlight an appealing opportunity for porous organic polymers with their potential application as multifunctional platform for efficient dye separation and treatment.
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•Py-POP is estimated to be an efficient multifunctional platform integrating selective adsorption and photocatalysis.•Py-POP exhibits excellent selectivity adsorption capacity for MB and superior photocatalytic performance for RhB.•Further test in the dye mixture model system verified the synergistic effect of adsorption and photocatalysis of Py-POP.•This synergistic effect provides a new inspiration for POPs as multifunctional platforms for dye wastewater treatment.
Ionic liquids (ILs) are a special category of molten salts solely composed of ions with varied molecular symmetry and charge delocalization. The versatility in combining varied cation–anion moieties ...and in functionalizing ions with different atoms and molecular groups contributes to their peculiar interactions ranging from weak isotropic associations to strong, specific, and anisotropic forces. A delicate interplay among intra- and intermolecular interactions facilitates the formation of heterogeneous microstructures and liquid morphologies, which further contributes to their striking dynamical properties. Microstructural and dynamical heterogeneities of ILs lead to their multifaceted properties described by an inherent designer feature, which makes ILs important candidates for novel solvents, electrolytes, and functional materials in academia and industrial applications. Due to a massive number of combinations of ion pairs with ion species having distinct molecular structures and IL mixtures containing varied molecular solvents, a comprehensive understanding of their hierarchical structural and dynamical quantities is of great significance for a rational selection of ILs with appropriate properties and thereafter advancing their macroscopic functionalities in applications. In this review, we comprehensively trace recent advances in understanding delicate interplay of strong and weak interactions that underpin their complex phase behaviors with a particular emphasis on understanding heterogeneous microstructures and dynamics of ILs in bulk liquids, in mixtures with cosolvents, and in interfacial regions.
With growing demand for propylene and increasing production of propane from shale gas, the technologies of propylene production, including direct dehydrogenation and oxidative dehydrogenation of ...propane, have drawn great attention in recent years. In particular, direct dehydrogenation of propane to propylene is regarded as one of the most promising methods of propylene production because it is an on-purpose technique that exclusively yields propylene instead of a mixture of products. In this critical review, we provide the current investigations on the heterogeneous catalysts (such as Pt, CrOx, VOx, GaOx-based catalysts, and nanocarbons) used in the direct dehydrogenation of propane to propylene. A detailed comparison and discussion of the active sites, catalytic mechanisms, influencing factors (such as the structures, dispersions, and reducibilities of the catalysts and promoters), and supports for different types of catalysts is presented. Furthermore, rational designs and preparation of high-performance catalysts for propane dehydrogenation are proposed and discussed.
This review presents the state-of-the-art catalysts (including Pt, CrOx, VOx, GaOx, ZnO, FeOx, CoOx, SnOx, ZrO2-based catalysts, and nanocarbons) that have been reported in recent years for direct dehydrogenation of propane to propylene.
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•BPC CE was constructed with a B-doped carbon layer onto the P-doped carbon.•BPC CE was developed as efficient hole extractor for HTM-free perovskite solar cell.•B and P co-doping ...tuned the work function and electrical conductivity of carbon CE.•The TiO2/CH3NH3PbI3/BPC solar cell delivered a power conversion efficiency of 6.78%.
Chemical doping is adopted to tune the work function and electrical conductivity of carbon counter electrode (CE) in HTM-free organometallic halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this work, the boron and phosphorus co-doped carbon (BPC) CE is constructed by coating a B doped carbon layer onto the P-doped carbon (PC). The work function of BPC CE with B/P co-doping (B: 2.68at.%, P: 2.23at.%) is thus regulated to 5.12eV from the 5.01eV of pure carbon and 4.81eV of PC, and the sheet resistance is modulated to 8.41Ωsq−1 from 14.75Ωsq−1 of pure carbon and 7.89Ωsq−1 of PC. As a consequence, the BPC-based PSCs deliver a power conversion efficiency of 6.78%, higher than those of pristine carbon (3.72%), PC (5.39%) and BC (5.20%) based PSCs, and even comparable to that of conventional Au-based device (7.22%), due to the enhanced hole extraction ability and the maintained high electronic conductivity. Moreover, the good stability in ambient condition over a period of 720h is also demonstrated in the BPC-based PSCs. The successful application of BPC CE in PSCs shows a promising way for fabricating low-cost, large-scale and highly efficient PSCs in future.
Diabetes aggravates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury because of the combination effects of changes in glucose and lipid energy metabolism, oxidative stress, and systemic inflammatory ...response. Studies have indicated that myocardial I/R may coincide and interact with sepsis and inflammation. However, the role of LPS in hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury in cardiomyocytes under high glucose conditions is still unclear. Our objective was to examine whether lipopolysaccharide (LPS) could aggravate high glucose- (HG-) and hypoxia/reoxygenation- (H/R-) induced injury by upregulating ROS production to activate NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis in H9C2 cardiomyocytes. H9C2 cardiomyocytes were exposed to HG (30 mM) condition with or without LPS, along with caspase-1 inhibitor (Ac-YVAD-CMK), inflammasome inhibitor (BAY11-7082), ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC), or not for 24 h, then subjected to 4 h of hypoxia followed by 2 h of reoxygenation (H/R). The cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, caspase-1 activity, and intracellular ROS production were detected by using assay kits. The incidence of pyroptosis was detected by calcein-AM/propidium iodide (PI) double staining kit. The concentrations of IL-1β and IL-18 in the supernatants were assessed by ELISA. The mRNA levels of NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 were detected by qRT-PCR. The protein levels of NF-κB p65, NLRP3, ASC, cleaved caspase-1 (p10), IL-1β, and IL-18 were detected by western blot. The results indicated that pretreatment LPS with 1 μg/ml not 0.1 μg/ml could efficiently aggravate HG and H/R injury by activating NLRP3 inflammasome to mediate pyroptosis in H9C2 cells, as evidenced by increased LDH release and decreased cell viability in the cells, and increased expression of NLRP3, ASC, cleaved caspase-1 (p10), IL-1β, and IL-18. Meanwhile, Ac-YVAD-CMK, BAY11-7082, or NAC attenuated HG- and H/R-induced H9C2 cell injury with LPS stimulated by reversing the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis. In conclusion, LPS could increase the sensitivity of H9C2 cells to HG and H/R and aggravated HG- and H/R-induced H9C2 cell injury by promoting ROS production to induce NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis.
•Fate of heavy metals during the hydrothermal treatment of sewage sludge.•Assessment indices of the contamination level and ecological risk of heavy metals.•The effect of reaction temperature and ...reaction time.•The effect of the addition of catalyst/other biomass.•The effect of the type of liquefaction solvent.
Various hydrothermal treatment methods, including hydrothermal carbonization, liquefaction and sub/super-critical water gasification, have been applied to the disposal of sewage sludge for producing bio-materials or bio-fuels. It has become a research hotspot whether the heavy metals contained in sewage sludge can be well treated/stabilized after the hydrothermal treatments. This review firstly summarized the methods of assessing heavy metals’ contamination level/risk and then discussed the migration and transformation behaviors of heavy metals from the following aspects: the effect of reaction temperature, the effect of additives (catalysts and other biomass), the effect of the type of solvent and the effect of reaction time. This review can provide an important reference for the further study of the migration and transformation behaviors of heavy metals during the hydrothermal treatment of sewage sludge.
Small ZnO nanoclusters supported on dealuminated β zeolite were prepared and evaluated for catalyzing direct dehydrogenation of propane to propylene (PDH), exhibiting high catalytic performance. N2 ...sorption, XRD, TEM, 27Al and 28Si MAS NMR, IR, XRF, DR UV‐vis, XPS, and NH3‐TPD techniques were employed to characterize the physicochemical properties of this novel catalyst system. It is found that the Zn species can be accommodated in the vacant T‐atom sites of dealuminated β zeolite due to the reaction of aqueous zinc acetate solution with silanol groups, and thus, producing massive small ZnO nanoclusters as active phases in PDH. Additionally, dealuminated β zeolite can greatly depress side reactions attributable to the absence of strong acid sites, thereby guaranteeing high catalytic activity, propylene selectivity and stability. As a result, the optimal catalyst of 10 wt% Zn loaded on dealuminated β zeolite exhibits a high initial propane conversion of around 53 % and a superior propylene selectivity of about 93 % at a space velocity of 4000 cm3 gcat−1 h−1, together with the high stability and satisfactory reusability. This study may open a new way to design and synthesize highly active PDH catalysts with high selectivity and stability.
Catalysts with Zing: Small ZnO nanoclusters supported on dealuminated β zeolite can be obtained via a two‐step post‐synthesis method, showing much better catalytic performance for direct dehydrogenation of propane to propylene than that on raw Hβ zeolite.
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