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•A new method for calculating elastic constants from the third-order to second-order.•Monolayer so-MoS2 is more flexible than others and is unchanged within twist and ...strain.•Phonopy-qha is better than grun in Grüneisen parameter and thermal expansion coefficient.•Lower thermal conductivity of so-MoS2 may have potential applications in thermoelectricity.
For the research of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDCs), the predecessors have already involved a lot. However, the research of the two-dimensional square-octagon MoS2 (so-MoS2) with elastic and thermal properties are not enough. Here, we have investigated the electronic, phonon, elastic and thermal properties of the primitive monolayer so-MoS2 by first-principles calculations and theoretical analysis. Firstly, The Dirac point exists on its band structure and mainly contributed by d orbits of Mo atoms, it will open the energy gap and enter the insulating phase when the spin–orbit coupling is added. Secondly, the phonon spectrum indicates that so-MoS2 is dynamically stable. The Raman, infrared active modes were also studied. Thirdly, we investigated the elastic constants of monolayer so-MoS2 by the nonlinear least-squares fitted the relation between energy density and strain. We find monolayer so-MoS2 has better flexibility than other two-dimensional materials, such as, monolayer MoS2. Moreover, we investigated the elastic properties of twisted and strained so-MoS2 and it is found that twisting and straining have little effect on the elasticity of monolayer so-MoS2 and they are all elastic isotropic. Finally, the thermodynamic properties of the Grüneisen parameter, thermal expansion coefficient, CV, entropy and lattice thermal conductivity of monolayer so-MoS2 were also studied. We used two methods of grun and phonopy-qha to analyze Grüneisen parameter and Thermal expansion coefficient, and find phonopy-qha method is better and more common. The study from hexagonal honeycomb lattice monolayer MoS2 to square lattice monolayer so-MoS2, which broadens the promising topological material systems.
Drug-metabolizing enzymes, particularly the cytochrome P450 (CYP450) monooxygenases, play a pivotal role in pharmacokinetics. CYP450 enzymes can be affected by various xenobiotic substrates, which ...will eventually be responsible for most metabolism-based herb-herb or herb-drug interactions, usually involving competition with another drug for the same enzyme binding site. Compounds from herbal or natural products are involved in many scenarios in the context of such interactions. These interactions are decisive both in drug discovery regarding the synergistic effects, and drug application regarding unwanted side effects. Herein, this review was conducted as a comprehensive compilation of the effects of herbal ingredients on CYP450 enzymes. Nearly 500 publications reporting botanicals' effects on CYP450s were collected and analyzed. The countries focusing on this topic were summarized, the identified herbal ingredients affecting enzyme activity of CYP450s, as well as methods identifying the inhibitory/inducing effects were reviewed. Inhibitory effects of botanicals on CYP450 enzymes may contribute to synergistic effects, such as herbal formulae/prescriptions, or lead to therapeutic failure, or even increase concentrations of conventional medicines causing serious adverse events. Conducting this review may help in metabolism-based drug combination discovery, and in the evaluation of the safety profile of natural products used therapeutically.
Electromagnetic (EM) observations and gravitational wave (GW) measurements enable us to determine the mass and radius of neutron stars (NSs) and their tidal deformability, respectively. These ...parameters offer valuable insights into the properties of dense matter in NSs. In this study, the vector-interaction-enhanced bag model (vBag model) is employed to investigate strange and hybrid stars’ properties. The parameters of the vBag model are constrained using multi-messenger observations, revealing that strange stars are incompatible with current observations. In contrast, hybrid stars can exhibit a substantial mixed phase region and a thin hadronic shell. Furthermore, we present the frequencies and damping time of fundamental mode (f-mode) oscillations of hybrid stars and test their universal relations with compactness and tidal deformability. The findings indicate that the presence of mixed phase components leads to larger frequencies and shorter damping time of the f-mode oscillation of hybrid stars, and the softer equation of state (EoS) affects this behavior more significantly. The universal relations of hybrid stars in the vBag model can be described by fourth-order/seventh-order polynomials, which do not break the previous results.
HER2-low breast cancer (BC) has a poor prognosis, making the development of more suitable treatment an unmet clinical need. While chemotherapy is the main method of treatment for HER2-low BC, not all ...patients benefit from it. Antineoplastic therapy without chemotherapy has shown promise in clinical trials and is being explored further. As quantitative detection techniques become more advanced, they assist in better defining the expression level of HER2 and in guiding the development of targeted therapies, which include directly targeting HER2 receptors on the cell surface, targeting HER2-related intracellular signaling pathways and targeting the immune microenvironment. A new anti-HER2 antibody-drug conjugate called T-DM1 has been successfully tested and found to be highly effective in clinical trials. With this progress, it could eventually be transformed from a disease without a defined therapeutic target into a disease with a defined therapeutic molecular target. Furthermore, efforts are being made to compare the sequencing and combination of chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, and HER2-targeted therapy to improve prognosis to customize the subtype of HER2 low expression precision treatment regimens. In this review, we summarize the current and upcoming treatment strategies, to achieve accurate management of HER2-low BC.
Synthesis of ingenious nanoassemblies is pursued in materials science. Herein, the in situ synthesis of the self-assembled blends of AB/BAB block copolymers of poly(ethylene ...glycol)-block-polystyrene/polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene glycol)-block-polystyrene (PEG-b-PS/PS-b-PEG-b-PS) via two-macro-RAFT agent comediated dispersion polymerization is reported. The synthesis strategy combines the advantages of polymer blending and polymerization-induced self-assembly. Following this strategy, various nanoassemblies of PEG-b-PS/PS-b-PEG-b-PS blends such as high-genus compartmentalized vesicles, multilayer and bicontinuous nanoassemblies, and porous nanospheres are prepared. The parameters, such as PEG-b-PS/PS-b-PEG-b-PS molar ratio, polymerization degree of the PS block, and fed monomer concentration, affecting morphology/structure of PEG-b-PS/PS-b-PEG-b-PS self-assembled blends are revealed. Computer simulations of self-assembly of the AB/BAB blends are performed, and nanoassemblies similar to those observed in our experiments are obtained, indicating that these morphologies are close to thermodynamical equilibrium. The formation mechanism of compartmentalized vesicles is investigated. The proposed strategy of two-macro-RAFT agent comediated dispersion polymerization is considered to be an efficient approach to construct self-assembled blends of block copolymers.
Osteoarthritis (OA) is an important subtype of temporomandibular disorders. A simple and reproducible animal model that mimics the histopathologic changes, both in the cartilage and subchondral bone, ...and clinical symptoms of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA) would help in our understanding of its process and underlying mechanism.
To explore whether injection of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) into the upper compartment of rat TMJ could induce OA-like lesions.
Female rats were injected with varied doses of MIA into the upper compartment and observed for up to 12 weeks. Histologic, radiographic, behavioral, and molecular changes in the TMJ were evaluated by light and electron microscopy, MicroCT scanning, head withdrawal threshold test, real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry, and TUNEL assay.
The intermediate zone of the disc loosened by 1 day post-MIA injection and thinned thereafter. Injection of an MIA dose of 0.5 mg or higher induced typical OA-like lesions in the TMJ within 4 weeks. Condylar destruction presented in a time-dependent manner, including chondrocyte apoptosis in the early stages, subsequent cartilage matrix disorganization and subchondral bone erosion, fibrosis, subchondral bone sclerosis, and osteophyte formation in the late stages. Nociceptive responses increased in the early stages, corresponding to severe synovitis. Furthermore, chondrocyte apoptosis and an imbalance between anabolism and catabolism of cartilage and subchondral bone might account for the condylar destruction.
Multi-level data demonstrated a reliable and convenient rat model of TMJOA could be induced by MIA injection into the upper compartment. The model might facilitate TMJOA related researches.
In this paper, the growth of rare‐earth‐free compensated ferrimagnet (C‐FIM) Mn4N single crystalline films is reported, with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) on the MgO(001) substrates by ...reactive magnetron sputtering. Subsequently, the current‐induced spin‐orbit torque (SOT) switching is experimentally demonstrated through passing currents in the Hall bar device made of Mn4N/Pt bilayer, with the thickness of Mn4N approaching 60 nm. Furthermore, the accompanied SOT efficiencies are characterized by employing the harmonic Hall voltage measurements. In particular, an enhanced effective SOT efficiency with the increased thickness of Mn4N films is observed, suggesting the existence of a bulk‐like spin torque in the present material system. The results demonstrate that the perpendicularly magnetized C‐FIM Mn4N films can provide a promising material platform for developing the rare‐earth‐free FIM spintronics devices.
Rare‐earth‐free compensated ferrimagnet Mn4N(001) single crystalline films on MgO(001) substrate with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy are investigated for application in spintronics. The current‐induced spin‐orbit torque (SOT) switching and the corresponding SOT efficiencies determined by harmonic Hall voltage measurements demonstrate the enhanced spin transport efficiency with the increased thickness of Mn4N films.
Aims
The potential of endophytic Bacillus strains to improve plant growth and yield was evaluated.
Methods and results
Endophytic Bacillus altitudinis HNH7 and Bacillus velezensis HNH9 were evaluated ...for their growth‐promoting traits. In an in vitro plate assay, HNH7 and HNH9 exhibited proteolytic, amylolytic, lipolytic and cellulolytic activity. HNH7 and HNH9 were able to solubilize iron by producing siderophores but were unable to solubilize insoluble phosphate. PCR confirmed the presence of four growth‐promoting genes viz. pvd, budA, asbA and satA in the genome of HNH7, while HNH9 also possessed the same genes except for budA. In a greenhouse experiment, HNH7 and HNH9 promoted the growth of upland cotton plants by upregulating the expression of growth‐linked genes, EXP6, ARF1, ARF18, IAA9, CKX6 and GID1b. However, the expression of genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis, that is ERF and ERF17 was downregulated after treating the plants with HNH7 and HNH9 compared to the control. Furthermore, cotton plants treated with HNH7 and HNH9 exhibited a significantly higher rate of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance.
Conclusion
HNH7 and HNH9 showed a promising potential to promote the growth of cotton plants.
Significance and impact of study
Research on plant growth‐promoting Bacillus strains can lead to the formation of biofertilizers.
Subcellular membrane-less organelles consist of proteins with low complexity domains. Many of them, such as hnRNPA1, can assemble into both a polydisperse liquid phase and an ordered solid phase of ...amyloid fibril. The former mirrors biological granule assembly, while the latter is usually associated with neurodegenerative disease. Here, we observe a reversible amyloid formation of hnRNPA1 that synchronizes with liquid-liquid phase separation, regulates the fluidity and mobility of the liquid-like droplets, and facilitates the recruitment of hnRNPA1 into stress granules. We identify the reversible amyloid-forming cores of hnRNPA1 (named hnRACs). The atomic structures of hnRACs reveal a distinct feature of stacking Asp residues, which contributes to fibril reversibility and explains the irreversible pathological fibril formation caused by the Asp mutations identified in familial ALS. Our work characterizes the structural diversity and heterogeneity of reversible amyloid fibrils and illuminates the biological function of reversible amyloid formation in protein phase separation.
STAT3 is an oncogenic transcription factor with potent immunosuppressive functions. We found that pharmacologic inhibition of STAT3 or its selective knockout in cancer cells improved the tumor ...growth-inhibitory efficacy of anthracycline-based chemotherapies. This combined effect of STAT3 inhibition/depletion and anthracyclines was only found in tumors growing on immunocompetent (not in immunodeficient) mice. As compared with Stat3-sufficient control tumors, Stat3(-/-) cancer cells exhibited an increased infiltration by dendritic cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes after chemotherapy. Anthracyclines are known to induce several stress pathways that enhance the immunogenicity of dying and dead cancer cells, thereby stimulating a dendritic cell-dependent and T lymphocyte-mediated anticancer immune response. Among these therapy-relevant stress pathways, Stat3(-/-) cancer cells manifested one significant improvement, namely an increase in the expression of multiple type-1 interferon-responsive genes, including that of the chemokines Cxcl9 and Cxcl10. This enhanced type-1 interferon response could be suppressed by reintroducing wild-type Stat3 (but not a transactivation-deficient mutant Stat3(Y705F)) into the tumor cells. This maneuver also abolished the improved chemotherapeutic response of Stat3(-/-) cancers. Finally, the neutralization of the common type-1 interferon receptor or that of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 (which binds CXCL9 and CXCL10) abolished the difference in the chemotherapeutic response between Stat3(-/-) and control tumors. Altogether, these results suggest that STAT3 inhibitors may improve the outcome of chemotherapy by enhancing the type-1 interferon response of cancer cells.
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