Photonic crystals (PCs) have been widely applied in optical, energy, and biological fields owing to their periodic crystal structure. However, the major challenges are easy cracking and poor ...structural color, seriously hindering their practical applications. Now, hydrophobic poly(tert‐butyl acrylate) (P(t‐BA)) PCs have been developed with relatively lower glass transition temperature (Tg), large crack‐free area, excellent hydrophobic properties, and brilliant structure color. This method based on hydrophobic groups (tertiary butyl groups) provides a reference for designing new kinds of PCs via the monomers with relatively lower Tg. Moreover, the P(t‐BA) PCs film were applied as the photoluminescence (PL) enhanced film to enhance the PL intensity of CdSe@ZnS QDs by 10‐fold in a liquid‐crystal display (LCD) device. The new‐type hydrophobic force assembled PCs may open an innovative avenue toward new‐generation energy‐saving devices.
A tert‐butyl acrylate (t‐BA) monomer for the construction of hydrophobic P(t‐BA) photonic crystals toward magnetic‐optics displays and energy saving devices is presented. It may open an innovative avenue toward the assembled PC field.
A vaccine to protect against COVID-19 is urgently needed. We aimed to assess the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a recombinant adenovirus type-5 (Ad5) vectored COVID-19 vaccine expressing ...the spike glycoprotein of a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) strain.
We did a dose-escalation, single-centre, open-label, non-randomised, phase 1 trial of an Ad5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine in Wuhan, China. Healthy adults aged between 18 and 60 years were sequentially enrolled and allocated to one of three dose groups (5 × 1010, 1 × 1011, and 1·5 × 1011 viral particles) to receive an intramuscular injection of vaccine. The primary outcome was adverse events in the 7 days post-vaccination. Safety was assessed over 28 days post-vaccination. Specific antibodies were measured with ELISA, and the neutralising antibody responses induced by vaccination were detected with SARS-CoV-2 virus neutralisation and pseudovirus neutralisation tests. T-cell responses were assessed by enzyme-linked immunospot and flow-cytometry assays. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04313127.
Between March 16 and March 27, 2020, we screened 195 individuals for eligibility. Of them, 108 participants (51% male, 49% female; mean age 36·3 years) were recruited and received the low dose (n=36), middle dose (n=36), or high dose (n=36) of the vaccine. All enrolled participants were included in the analysis. At least one adverse reaction within the first 7 days after the vaccination was reported in 30 (83%) participants in the low dose group, 30 (83%) participants in the middle dose group, and 27 (75%) participants in the high dose group. The most common injection site adverse reaction was pain, which was reported in 58 (54%) vaccine recipients, and the most commonly reported systematic adverse reactions were fever (50 46%), fatigue (47 44%), headache (42 39%), and muscle pain (18 17%. Most adverse reactions that were reported in all dose groups were mild or moderate in severity. No serious adverse event was noted within 28 days post-vaccination. ELISA antibodies and neutralising antibodies increased significantly at day 14, and peaked 28 days post-vaccination. Specific T-cell response peaked at day 14 post-vaccination.
The Ad5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine is tolerable and immunogenic at 28 days post-vaccination. Humoral responses against SARS-CoV-2 peaked at day 28 post-vaccination in healthy adults, and rapid specific T-cell responses were noted from day 14 post-vaccination. Our findings suggest that the Ad5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine warrants further investigation.
National Key R&D Program of China, National Science and Technology Major Project, and CanSino Biologics.
Nano‐/micro‐reactors have emerged as a powerful platform for chemical synthesis. Here, we develop fiber‐spinning chemistry (FSC) based on a microfluidic blow spinning (MBS) technique, allowing the ...availability of nanoreactors for chemical synthesis with scale‐up capacities. Proof‐of‐concept experiments focus on the utilization of MBS‐derived fibrous nanoreactors for large‐scale production of ligand‐free perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) in one step. Typically, methylammonium lead halide (MAPbX3, X=Cl, Br, and I) PQDs in situ synthesized at large scale inside polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber films (size 120 cm ×30 cm per hour), exhibit high photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield (QY) of 71 %, tunable emissive peaks (448–600 nm), and superb PL stability. The PQDs/polymer nanofiber films are potentially useful for CO2 conversion, wide‐color‐gamut displays and light‐emitting diode (LED) devices. These findings may guide the development of nano‐/micro‐reactor technology for scale‐up production of nanomaterials with various potential applications.
Fiber‐spinning chemistry based on a microfluidic blow spinning (MBS) technique is developed to construct fibrous nanoreactors allowing mass production of ligand‐free perovskite quantum dots (PQDs). The resultant PQDs/polymer nanofiber films possess high fluorescence stability under extreme conditions like light irradiation, heating and water dipping, which show potential applications in photocatalytic CO2 reduction and optoelectronic devices.
This is the first randomised controlled trial for assessment of the immunogenicity and safety of a candidate non-replicating adenovirus type-5 (Ad5)-vectored COVID-19 vaccine, aiming to determine an ...appropriate dose of the candidate vaccine for an efficacy study.
This randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial of the Ad5-vectored COVID-19 vaccine was done in a single centre in Wuhan, China. Healthy adults aged 18 years or older, who were HIV-negative and previous severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection-free, were eligible to participate and were randomly assigned to receive the vaccine at a dose of 1 × 1011 viral particles per mL or 5 × 1010 viral particles per mL, or placebo. Investigators allocated participants at a ratio of 2:1:1 to receive a single injection intramuscularly in the arm. The randomisation list (block size 4) was generated by an independent statistician. Participants, investigators, and staff undertaking laboratory analyses were masked to group allocation. The primary endpoints for immunogenicity were the geometric mean titres (GMTs) of specific ELISA antibody responses to the receptor binding domain (RBD) and neutralising antibody responses at day 28. The primary endpoint for safety evaluation was the incidence of adverse reactions within 14 days. All recruited participants who received at least one dose were included in the primary and safety analyses. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04341389.
603 volunteers were recruited and screened for eligibility between April 11 and 16, 2020. 508 eligible participants (50% male; mean age 39·7 years, SD 12·5) consented to participate in the trial and were randomly assigned to receive the vaccine (1 × 1011 viral particles n=253; 5 × 1010 viral particles n=129) or placebo (n=126). In the 1 × 1011 and 5 × 1010 viral particles dose groups, the RBD-specific ELISA antibodies peaked at 656·5 (95% CI 575·2–749·2) and 571·0 (467·6–697·3), with seroconversion rates at 96% (95% CI 93–98) and 97% (92–99), respectively, at day 28. Both doses of the vaccine induced significant neutralising antibody responses to live SARS-CoV-2, with GMTs of 19·5 (95% CI 16·8–22·7) and 18·3 (14·4–23·3) in participants receiving 1 × 1011 and 5 × 1010 viral particles, respectively. Specific interferon γ enzyme-linked immunospot assay responses post vaccination were observed in 227 (90%, 95% CI 85–93) of 253 and 113 (88%, 81–92) of 129 participants in the 1 × 1011 and 5 × 1010 viral particles dose groups, respectively. Solicited adverse reactions were reported by 183 (72%) of 253 and 96 (74%) of 129 participants in the 1 × 1011 and 5 × 1010 viral particles dose groups, respectively. Severe adverse reactions were reported by 24 (9%) participants in the 1 × 1011 viral particles dose group and one (1%) participant in the 5 × 1010 viral particles dose group. No serious adverse reactions were documented.
The Ad5-vectored COVID-19 vaccine at 5 × 1010 viral particles is safe, and induced significant immune responses in the majority of recipients after a single immunisation.
National Key R&D Programme of China, National Science and Technology Major Project, and CanSino Biologics.
Children, especially infants and young children who have not yet been fully vaccinated with the first-generation COVID-19 vaccines or exposed to the earlier circulating variants, face a relatively ...higher risk of infection. ...vaccination against COVID-19 is not only an indispensable and crucial component of offering protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in children but also maintaining immunity on a population level. ...the evidence regarding children's COVID-19 vaccination is largely based on clinical trials of vaccines targeting the ancestral or early SARS-CoV-2 strains.3–6 According to data from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the total number of new hospital admissions of paediatric patients with confirmed COVID-19 in the USA was 107 357 from March 1, 2022, to Feb 17, 2024. Determining the primary and booster immunisation strategies for children at different ages involves a continuous evaluation of vaccine immunogenicity, vaccination coverage, and seroprevalence proportion in the paediatric population. ...safety, especially regarding rare adverse events, is of utmost importance in children's vaccinations, thereby requiring continuous monitoring and risk-benefit assessment across a larger population.
Summary Background A vaccine for enterovirus 71 (EV71) is needed to address the high burden of disease associated with infection. We assessed the efficacy, safety, immunogenicity, antibody ...persistence, and immunological correlates of an inactivated alum-adjuvant EV71 vaccine. Methods We did a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Healthy children aged 6–35 months from four centres in China were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive vaccine or alum-adjuvant placebo at day 0 and 28, according to a randomisation list (block size 30) generated by an independent statistician. Investigators and participants and their guardians were masked to the assignment. Primary endpoints were EV71-associated hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and EV71-associated disease during the surveillance period from day 56 to month 14, analysed in the per-protocol population. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov , number NCT01508247. Findings 10 245 participants were enrolled and assigned: 5120 to vaccine versus 5125 to placebo. 4907 (with three cases of EV71-associated HFMD and eight cases of EV71-associated disease) versus 4939 (with 30 cases of EV71-associated HFMD and 41 cases of EV71-associated disease) were included in the primary efficacy analysis. Vaccine efficacy was 90·0% (95% CI 67·1–96·9) against EV71-associated HFMD (p=0·0001) and 80·4% (95% CI 58·2–90·8) against EV71-associated disease (p<0·0001). Serious adverse events were reported by 62 of 5117 (1·2%) participants in the vaccine group versus 75 of 5123 (1·5%) in the placebo group (p=0·27). Adverse events occurred in 3644 (71·2%) versus 3603 (70·3%; p=0·33). Interpretation EV71 vaccine provides high efficacy, satisfactory safety, and sustained immunogenicity. Funding China's 12–5 National Major Infectious Disease Program, Beijing Vigoo Biological.
Polymer materials have sparked considerable interest from both academic and industrial researchers due to their fantastic features and wide applications. The polymer synthetic method in a facile, ...rapid, energy-saving and environmentally-friendly fashion has been the goal of considerable researchers. In this regard, frontal polymerization (FP) has emerged as a promising strategy for various polymer materials. In this paper, we will present an overview of the current development of FP technology. Three traditional FP model and newly developed FP fashion are discussed, including thermal frontal polymerization (TFP), isothermal frontal polymerization (IFP) and photoinitiated frontal polymerization (PFP), as well as plasma-ignited FP, ultrasound-assisted FP, infrared laser-ignited FP, Magnetically-induced FP, Multichannel FP and the latest 3D printing FP. We also illustrate the applications of FP in the synthesis of nanocomposites, gradient materials, resins, interpenetrating polymer networks, functional gels and discuss the new development directions. We finally conclude with the challenges remained in this field and the future perspective on FP.
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The inactivated whole-virus vaccine platform is the most well established manufacturing platform for vaccine production, and aluminium salts are the most commonly used adjuvants used in human ...vaccines. ...an alum-adjuvanted whole-virion inactivated vaccine is a logical step in the development of a COVID-19 vaccine. ...we do not have complete safety data for BBV152 yet because of the small number of participants and the short observation period in these studies.2,3 Rare adverse reactions associated with vaccination, such as acute anaphylaxis or autoimmune diseases, are unlikely to be observed in clinical trials. ...a good pharmacovigilance system for BBV152 needs to be established, especially considering that Algel-IMDG is a new adjuvant and it is the first time that an Algel-IMDG adjuvanted vaccine has been approved for use in a large population. ...identifying potential safety signals will be very important.
In The Lancet Infectious Diseases, Ralf Clemens and colleagues3 reported a secondary analysis of the SPECTRA study, providing evidence for a protective effect afforded by previous exposure to ...SARS-CoV-2 against subsequent SARS-CoV-2 reinfection. ...Clemens and colleagues also provide evidence for additional benefits of vaccination for this naturally infected population, such as added protection against severe COVID-19 or COVID-19-associated hospitalisations. The SPECTRA study is a phase 2 and 3 multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial that is designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the SCB-2019 COVID-19 vaccine, Clover's Trimeric Recombinant protein-based COVID-19 vaccine adjuvanted with CpG-1018 and alum, which is still ongoing. Policy makers should give priority to strategies that can encourage more equitable distribution of effective COVID-19 vaccines and reduce vaccination hesitancy in populations with no previous infection of SARS-CoV-2, which will be more effective at reducing severe cases than offering COVID-19 vaccines to individuals who have had a previous infection.
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