Abstract
Background
Paphiopedilum
is the largest genus of slipper orchids. Previous studies showed that the phylogenetic relationships of this genus are not well resolved, and sparse taxon sampling ...documented inverted repeat
(
IR) expansion and small single copy (SSC) contraction of the chloroplast genomes of
Paphiopedilum
.
Results
Here, we sequenced, assembled, and annotated 77 plastomes of
Paphiopedilum
species (size range of 152,130 – 164,092 bp). The phylogeny based on the plastome resolved the relationships of the genus except for the phylogenetic position of two unstable species. We used phylogenetic and comparative genomic approaches to elucidate the plastome evolution of
Paphiopedilum
. The plastomes of
Paphiopedilum
have a conserved genome structure and gene content except in the SSC region. The large single copy/inverted repeat (LSC/IR) boundaries are relatively stable, while the boundaries of the inverted repeat and small single copy region (IR/SSC) varied among species. Corresponding to the IR/SSC boundary shifts, the chloroplast genomes of the genus experienced IR expansion and SSC contraction. The IR region incorporated one to six genes of the SSC region. Unexpectedly, great variation in the size, gene order, and gene content of the SSC regions was found, especially in the subg.
Parvisepalum
. Furthermore,
Paphiopedilum
provides evidence for the ongoing degradation of the
ndh
genes in the photoautotrophic plants. The estimated substitution rates of the protein coding genes show accelerated rates of evolution in
clpP
,
psbH
, and
psbZ
. Genes transferred to the IR region due to the boundary shift also have higher substitution rates.
Conclusions
We found IR expansion and SSC contraction in the chloroplast genomes of
Paphiopedilum
with dense sampling, and the genus shows variation in the size, gene order, and gene content of the SSC region. This genus provides an ideal system to investigate the dynamics of plastome evolution.
Today East Asia harbors many "relict" plant species whose ranges were much larger during the Paleogene-Neogene and earlier. The ecological and climatic conditions suitable for these relict species ...have not been identified. Here, we map the abundance and distribution patterns of relict species, showing high abundance in the humid subtropical/warm-temperate forest regions. We further use Ecological Niche Modeling to show that these patterns align with maps of climate refugia, and we predict species' chances of persistence given the future climatic changes expected for East Asia. By 2070, potentially suitable areas with high richness of relict species will decrease, although the areas as a whole will probably expand. We identify areas in southwestern China and northern Vietnam as long-term climatically stable refugia likely to preserve ancient lineages, highlighting areas that could be prioritized for conservation of such species.
The pentaquark states Pc(4312), Pc(4440), and Pc(4457) could be nicely arranged into a multiplet of seven molecules of ¯D(*)Σ(*)c dictated by heavy quark spin symmetry. However, the spins of Pc(4440) ...and Pc(4457) are not yet fully determined. We employ the contact-range effective field theory to investigate the SU(3)-flavor counterparts of ¯D(*)Σ(*)c and study the possibility of whether their discovery could help determine the spins of Pc(4457) and Pc(4440). We find the existence of a complete hidden charm strange multiplet of ¯D(*)Ξ(')*c molecules, irrespective of the spins of Pc(4440) and Pc(4457). On the other hand, we find that although molecules of ¯D(*)Ξc are also likely, depending on the realization of the underlying dynamics, their discovery could be more useful for determining the spins of Pc(4440) and Pc(4457) and for telling us how heavy quark and light quark interactions depend on the spin of the light quark pair.
The aim of this study is to validate the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria and determine the number of Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS2002)–positive patients who do ...not meet the GLIM, as well as examine whether these patients would benefit from nutritional support therapy.
A reanalysis of a published prospective observational study was performed. The subjects were rediagnosed per the NRS2002 and GLIM criteria. The prevalence of malnutrition was reported, and the difference in rate of infection complications and total complications between the nutritional support therapy and glucose-electrolyte cohorts was calculated.
Among 1831 cases in the original database, 827 cases (45.2%) were NRS2002-positive. A total of 391 cases were identified by the GLIM criteria as malnourished (21.4%) and of these, subjects in the nutritional support therapy cohort had fewer infection complications than those in the glucose-electrolyte cohort (13.0% vs. 23.0%; P = 0.010). The remaining 436 patients were NRS2002 positive but GLIM negative (23.8%). The rate of infection was also significantly lower in the support cohort than in the nonsupport cohort (8.0% vs. 15.7%; P = 0.011). Nutritional support was proven o be a protective factor for infection complications in both GLIM-positive (odds ratio: 0.407; 95% confidence interval, 0.232–0.714; P = 0.002) and NRS2002-positive/GLIM-negative patients odds ratio: 0.314; 95% confidence interval, 0.161–0.612; P = 0.001).
The GLIM criteria have been validated, and are useful in identifying malnourished patients who may have fewer infection complications due to nutritional support therapy. However, the criteria neglected half of the patients identified by NRS2002, among whom nutritional support therapy also decreased the rate of infection complications.
•Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria are a new consensus to diagnosis malnutrition, but needs validation•Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS2002) can be used as the first screening step of the GLIM criteria•NRS2002-positive patients have fewer infections due to nutritional support•Nutrition support reduces infection rates in malnourished patients, as determined by the GLIM criteria•Patients who are NRS2002 positive but GLIM negative also benefit from nutritional support
In photoswitches that undergo fluorescence switching upon ultraviolet irradiation, photoluminescence and photoisomerization often occur simultaneously, leading to unstable fluorescence properties. ...Here, we successfully demonstrated reversible solid‐state triple fluorescence switching through “Pump–Trigger” multiphoton manipulation. A novel fluorescence photoswitch, BOSA‐SP, achieved green, yellow, and red fluorescence under excitation by pump light and isomerization induced by trigger light. The energy ranges of photoexcitation and photoisomerization did not overlap, enabling appropriate selection of the multiphoton light for “pump” and “trigger” photoswitching, respectively. Additionally, the large free volume of the spiropyran (SP) moiety in the solid state promoted reversible photoisomerization. Switching between “pump” and “trigger” light is useful for three‐color tunable switching cell imaging, which can be exploited in programmable fluorescence switching. Furthermore, we exploited reversible dual‐fluorescence switching in a single molecular system to successfully achieve two‐color super‐resolution imaging.
Stable and programmable triple fluorescence switching in the solid state was demonstrated through an alternative “Pump–Trigger” optical manipulation strategy employing a spiropyran‐functionalized distyrylanthracene derivative. The unique switching ability enabled innovative multicolor, tunable, switching cell imaging and two‐color super‐resolution imaging in a single‐molecule system.
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•The IET/EET pathway of Acetivibrio thermocellus DSM 1313 was elucidated.•Thermophilic MFC with direct lignocellulose as an electron donor was established.•Resazurin decreased the ...impedance of the MFC and enhanced power density by 260.25%.
Microbial fuel cell (MFC) with lignocellulose as an electron donor is considered a sustainable biorefinery. However, low lignocellulose degradation and energy output restrict the scale of application. Herein, the extracellular electron transfer (EET) capacity of Acetivibrio thermocellus DSM 1313 with lignocellulose as substrate was shown to be mediated by the self-produced flavin, and its intracellular electron transfer went through the whole respiratory chain. Thermophilic MFC with resazurin exhibited an increase in the open circuit voltage by 37.78%, and a 2.60 folds increase in power density of 77.85 mW/m2, respectively. Differential pulse voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis indicated that resazurin decreased the solution and anode charge transfer resistance, and enhanced the extracellular electrochemical activity. Furthermore, resazurin resulted in a lower redox potential, allowing preferential electron transfer to resazurin rather than flavin. This research establishes a resazurin-mediated thermophilic MFC with lignocellulose as substrate, which provides novel idea on the biomass refinery.
The objective of this study was to evaluate relationship with aggregation, secondary structures and gel properties of pork myofibrillar protein with different sodium chloride (1%, 2% and 3%). When ...the sodium chloride increased from 1 to 3%, the active sulfhydryl, surface hydrophobicity, hardness and cooking yield of myofibrillar protein were increased significantly (
p
< 0.05), the particle size, total sulfhydryl and Zeta potential were decreased significantly (
p
< 0.05), these meant the aggregations of pork myofibrillar protein were decreased. The changes of proteins aggregation induced the strongest intensity band of Amide I shifted up from 1660 cm
−1
to 1661 cm
−1
, meanwhile, the β-sheet structure content was increased significantly (
p
< 0.05) with the sodium chloride increased. From the above, the lower proteins aggregation and higher β-sheet structure content could improve the water holding capacity and texture of pork myofibrillar protein gel.
Here, the effect of high‐pressure conditions (0.1–400 MPa) on the water‐loss, texture, gel strength, color, dynamic rheological property, and water migration of pork batters containing 0.1% (W/W) ...Artemisia sphaerocephala krasch gum (PB–AG) is studied. Results indicated that the cooking yield, water‐holding capacity, texture, gel strength, L* values, and Gʹ values increased with the increase in pressure (0.1–300 MPa) (p < 0.05). Dynamic rheological results (Gʹ) revealed that the thermal gelling ability of the PB–AG gel gradually increased with pressure (0.1–300 MPa). The minimum of T22 content was observed and the proportion of immobilized water decreased at 300 MPa by low‐filed nuclear magnetic resonance. However, excessive high‐pressure processing treatments (400 MPa) resulted in lower gel strength, WHC, texture, and Gʹ. The scanning electron microscopy results shown that a denser network structure with small cavities was observed at 300 MPa. Therefore, moderate pressure treatment (≤300 MPa) may improve gelation properties of PB–AG gel, while excessive pressure treatment (400 MPa) may weaken the gelation properties.
Practical Application
High‐pressure processing combining Artemisia sphaerocephala krasch gum could enhance the gelation properties of pork batters. To do so, establishing knowledge on gelation properties of pork batters with Artemisia sphaerocephala krasch gum at different pressure levels treatment would be of paramount importance, because this contributes furnishing engineering data pertinent to the technical progress for the processing of emulsion‐type meat with high quality.
This work presents a redox‐mediated electrolytic nitrogen reduction reaction (RM‐eNRR) using polyoxometalate (POM) as the electron and proton carrier which frees the TiO2‐based catalyst from the ...electrode and shifts the reduction of nitrogen to a reactor tank. The RM‐eNRR process has achieved an ammonium production yield of 25.1 μg h−1 or 5.0 μg h−1 cm−2 at an ammonium concentration of 6.7 ppm. With high catalyst loading, 61.0 ppm ammonium was accumulated in the electrolyte upon continuous operation, which is the highest concentration detected for ambient eNRR so far. The mechanism underlying the RM‐eNRR was scrutinized both experimentally and computationally to delineate the POM‐mediated charge transfer and hydrogenation process of nitrogen molecule on the catalyst. RM‐eNRR is expected to provide an implementable solution to overcome the limitations in the conventional eNRR process.
A redox‐mediated electrolytic nitrogen reduction reaction (RM‐eNRR) system is presented. This system decouples the catalyst from the electrode, which gives the system huge versatility in catalyst design, loading and gas flow. By modifying the catalyst, either hydrazine or ammonium can be obtained selectively. The process has achieved ammonium production yield of 25.1 μg h−1 and 61 ppm ammonium can be accumulated by continuous operation.
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