We introduce a new approach to a century-old assumption which enhances not only planetary interior calculations but also high-pressure material physics. We show that the polytropic index is the ...derivative of the bulk modulus with respect to pressure. We then augment the traditional polytrope theory by including a variable polytrope index within the confines of the Lane–Emden differential equation. To investigate the possibilities of this method, we create a high-quality universal equation of state, transforming the traditional polytrope method to a tool with the potential for excellent predictive power. The theoretical foundation of our equation of state is the same elastic observable which we found equivalent to the polytrope index, the derivative of the bulk modulus with respect to pressure. We calculate the density–pressure of six common materials up to 1018 Pa, mass–radius relationships for the same materials, and produce plausible density–radius models for the rocky planets of our Solar system. We argue that the bulk modulus and its derivatives have been underutilized in previous planet formation methods. We constrain the material surface observables for the inner core, outer core, and mantle of planet Earth in a systematic way including pressure, bulk modulus, and the polytrope index in the analysis. We believe that this variable polytrope method has the necessary apparatus to be extended further to gas giants and stars. As supplemental material we provide computer code to calculate multi-layered planets.
Since olefin metathesis transformation has become a favored synthetic tool in organic synthesis, more and more distinct non‐metathetical reactions of alkylidene ruthenium complexes have been ...developed. Depending on the conditions applied, the same olefin metathesis catalysts can efficiently promote isomerization reactions, hydrogenation of C=C double bonds, oxidation reactions, and many others. Importantly, these transformations can be carried out in tandem with olefin metathesis reactions. Through addition of one portion of a catalyst, a tandem process provides structurally advanced products from relatively simple substrates without the need for isolation of the intermediates. These aspects not only make tandem catalysis very attractive from a practical point of view, but also open new avenues in (retro)synthetic planning. However, in the literature, the term “tandem process” is sometimes used improperly to describe other types of multi‐reaction sequences. In this Concept, a number of examples of tandem catalysis involving olefin metathesis are discussed with an emphasis on their synthetic value.
Pedal to the metal: Various examples of tandem catalysis involving olefin metathesis are discussed, with a view to illustrating some interesting synthetic concepts and showing their synthetic value. The differences between tandem processes and other types of one‐pot transformation are stressed.
During collective migration of the Drosophila embryonic salivary gland, cells rearrange to form a tube of a distinct shape and size. Here, we report a novel role for the Drosophila Klarsicht-Anc-Syne ...Homology (KASH) domain protein Klarsicht (Klar) in the regulation of microtubule (MT) stability and integrin receptor localization during salivary gland migration. In wild-type salivary glands, MTs became progressively stabilized as gland migration progressed. In embryos specifically lacking the KASH domain containing isoforms of Klar, salivary gland cells failed to rearrange and migrate, and these defects were accompanied by decreased MT stability and altered integrin receptor localization. In muscles and photoreceptors, KASH isoforms of Klar work together with Klaroid (Koi), a SUN domain protein, to position nuclei; however, loss of Koi had no effect on salivary gland migration, suggesting that Klar controls gland migration through novel interactors. The disrupted cell rearrangement and integrin localization observed in klar mutants could be mimicked by overexpressing Spastin (Spas), a MT severing protein, in otherwise wild-type salivary glands. In turn, promoting MT stability by reducing spas gene dosage in klar mutant embryos rescued the integrin localization, cell rearrangement and gland migration defects. Klar genetically interacts with the Rho1 small GTPase in salivary gland migration and is required for the subcellular localization of Rho1. We also show that Klar binds tubulin directly in vitro. Our studies provide the first evidence that a KASH-domain protein regulates the MT cytoskeleton and integrin localization during collective cell migration.
•Klarsicht controls microtubule stability during salivary gland migration.•Klarsicht genetically interacts with Spastin, Clasp and Rho1.•Klarsicht directly binds tubulin.•Klarischt regulates integrin localization in salivary gland migration.
In code division multiple access (CDMA) systems a significant degradation in detection performance due to multiuser interference can be avoided by the utilization of interference cancellation ...methods. Further enhancement can be obtained by optimizing the power allocation of the users. The resulting constrained single-objective optimization problem is solved here by means of particle swarm optimization (PSO). It is shown that the maximum number of users for a CDMA system can be increased significantly if an optimized power profile is employed. Furthermore, an extensive study of PSO control parameter settings using three different neighborhood topologies is performed on the basis of the power allocation problem, and two constraint-handling techniques are evaluated. Results from the parameter study are compared with examinations from the literature. It is shown that the von-Neumann neighborhood topology performs consistently better than gbest and lbest . However, strong interaction effects and conflicting recommendations for parameter settings are found that emphasize the need for adaptive approaches.
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•We developed a lumped parameter model of the cardiovascular system.•The simulator includes baroreflex model, blood transfusion, VAD and drug infusion.•Training use: the simulator ...reproduces pre-set cardiovascular diseases.•Clinical use: the simulator self-tunes to reproduce patient’s specific hemodynamics.•The simulator can be interface with a SDSS devoted to clinical use.
In the present work a cardiovascular simulator designed both for clinical and training use is presented.
The core of the simulator is a lumped parameter model of the cardiovascular system provided with several modules for the representation of baroreflex control, blood transfusion, ventricular assist device (VAD) therapy and drug infusion. For the training use, a Pre-Set Disease module permits to select one or more cardiovascular diseases with a different level of severity. For the clinical use a Self-Tuning module was implemented. In this case, the user can insert patient’s specific data and the simulator will automatically tune its parameters to the desired hemodynamic condition.
The simulator can be also interfaced with external systems such as the Specialist Decision Support System (SDSS) devoted to address the choice of the appropriate level of VAD support based on the clinical characteristics of each patient.
The Pre-Set Disease module permits to reproduce a wide range of pre-set cardiovascular diseases involving heart, systemic and pulmonary circulation. In addition, the user can test different therapies as drug infusion, VAD therapy and volume transfusion. The Self-Tuning module was tested on six different hemodynamic conditions, including a VAD patient condition. In all cases the simulator permitted to reproduce the desired hemodynamic condition with an error<10%.
The cardiovascular simulator could be of value in clinical arena. Clinicians and students can utilize the Pre-Set Diseases module for training and to get an overall knowledge of the pathophysiology of common cardiovascular diseases. The Self-Tuning module is prospected as a useful tool to visualize patient’s status, test different therapies and get more information about specific hemodynamic conditions. In this sense, the simulator, in conjunction with SDSS, constitutes a support to clinical decision – making.
This paper presents a reconfigurable hardware platform for general-purpose video processing. The proposed design is a step towards portable, web-enabled devices which, unlike most existing smart ...cameras, are to a large degree autonomous and have substantial intelligence embedded. The device is based on programmable logic, microcontrollers, and dedicated communication modules. It is able to acquire an input frame using a built-in camera, process the image in a massively parallel manner, and expose its functionality as a web service compliant with the Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) paradigm. Thanks to the FPGA technology used for main functionality implementation, the system’s hardware can be locally or remotely reconfigured in order to optimize it on a very low level for user-defined tasks. Moreover, the image processing core is implemented using a C-to-HDL compiler to reduce time to market when deploying new functionalities. We demonstrate the capabilities of our device on two example applications: moving object detection and face recognition.
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