Interferons (IFN) are crucial antiviral and immunomodulatory cytokines that exert their function through the regulation of a myriad of genes, many of which are not yet characterized. Here, we reveal ...that lipin‐2, a phosphatidic acid phosphatase whose mutations produce an autoinflammatory syndrome known as Majeed syndrome in humans, is regulated by IFN in a STAT‐1‐dependent manner. Lipin‐2 inhibits viral replication both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, lipin‐2 also acts as a regulator of inflammation in a viral context by reducing the signaling through TLR3 and the generation of ROS and release of mtDNA that ultimately activate the NLRP3 inflammasome. Inhibitors of mtDNA release from mitochondria restrict IL‐1β production in lipin‐2‐deficient animals in a model of viral infection. Finally, analyses of databases from COVID‐19 patients show that LPIN2 expression levels negatively correlate with the severity of the disease. Overall, these results uncover novel regulatory mechanisms of the IFN response driven by lipin‐2 and open new perspectives for the future management of patients with LPIN2 mutations.
Synopsis
Lipin‐2 expression is controlled by interferons, reducing cytomegalovirus replication and inflammasome activation. Patients with decreased LPIN2 expression experience increased inflammatory responses during SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.
Lipin‐2 expression is regulated by interferons through STAT‐1 activation.
Lipin‐2 controls cytomegalovirus replication.
Lipin‐2 restricts inflammasome activation and Il‐1β production during viral encounters.
Lipin‐2 expression is reduced in symptomatic vs. asymptomatic COVID‐19 patients.
Lipin‐2 expression is controlled by interferons, reducing cytomegalovirus replication and inflammasome activation. Patients with decreased LPIN2 expression experience increased inflammatory responses during SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.
J2102+6015: a young radio source at z = 4.575 Zhang, Yingkang; An, Tao; Frey, Sándor ...
Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,
11/2021, Volume:
507, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
ABSTRACT
Jets of high-redshift active galactic nuclei (AGNs) can be used to directly probe the activity of the black holes in the early Universe. Radio sources with jets misaligned with respect to ...the line of sight are expected to dominate the high-redshift AGN population. In this paper, we present the high-resolution imaging results of a z = 4.57 AGN J2102+6015 by analysing its multi-epoch dual-frequency very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) data. The 8.4-GHz VLBI images reveal two major features along the east–west direction separated by ∼10 mas. From the spectral index map, both features show flat/inverted spectra. The separation between the two features remains almost unchanged over an observation period of ∼13 yr, placing an upper limit of the separation speed as about 0.04 mas yr−1. Previous studies have classified the source as a GHz-peaked spectrum quasar. Our results indicate that J2102+6015 is most likely a young, compact symmetric object rather than a blazar-type core–jet source.
Este trabajo propone abordar críticamente la manipulación de imágenes de la ciudad en el campo de la comunicación masiva. Así, busca develar el protagonismo otorgado al espacio urbano en el discurso ...audiovisual contemporáneo, utilizado usualmente en la construcción de imaginarios sociales de relevancia por su capacidad de comunicación no verbal y por ello, comprensible de manera global. Se hace foco en un caso preciso y de alcance nacional donde la imagen del espacio urbano está subordinada a un discurso social y político con aspiraciones de hegemonía cultural: el spot publicitario titulado "Meritócratas", realizado para presentar un nuevo modelo de la marca Chevrolet en Argentina. La propuesta publicitaria está ligada a una lectura sobre la sociedad actual. En ella se busca posicionar el producto asociándolo a los valores de aspiración de ascenso social de la clase media, basados en el individualismo y la competencia personal, donde solo el éxito –llegar a la cima– es lo que cuenta. El espacio urbano se utiliza entonces como un escenario para el despliegue de objetos de consumo simbólico, en el que los edificios más altos expresan la meta alcanzada, la individualidad exitosa despegada de la masa anónima que representa la ciudad baja. De esta forma se consolida una mirada de la ciudad que es funcional a la construcción de un discurso que legitima las relaciones de desigualdad social en la misma, y aspira –como los meritócratas– a constituirse en hegemónico.
La exposición de Hannover (2000) se desarrolló bajo el lema: Hombre, naturaleza y tecnología - origen de un nuevo mundo. Casi veinte años después, el edificio del Pabellón Holandés continúa siendo su ...imagen más representativa, no solo en el restringido campo disciplinar, también en el campo de la cultura de masas. Bajo el lema Holanda crea espacio, MvRdV decidió la creación de una unidad autosustentable a partir de la recreación en forma artificial del ciclo del agua para evidenciar la posibilidad de coexistencia entre el crecimiento de la densidad de población y el aumento de la calidad de vida. En tiempos de cultura de la globalidad, caracterizada por la producción incesante de imágenes de consumo masivo, la Arquitectura se debate como nunca antes frente a condiciones que afectan sus propias bases. Son tiempos de distancia del objeto terminado respecto de la experiencia espacial del sujeto, de la ausencia del conflicto como un valor productivo en la cultura. El rol de la crítica se vuelve clave para enfrentar el discurso hegemónico que impone conductas en forma indiferenciada. Se torna necesario poner en foco el rol decisivo de la disciplina en la producción de capital simbólico donde la preocupación ambiental es uno de los emergentes contemporáneos.
Significance
The detection of ethanolamine (
N
H
2
C
H
2
C
H
2
OH) in a molecular cloud in the interstellar medium confirms that a precursor of phospholipids is efficiently formed by interstellar ...chemistry. Hence, ethanolamine could have been transferred from the proto-Solar nebula to planetesimals and minor bodies of the Solar System and thereafter to our planet. The prebiotic availability of ethanolamine on early Earth could have triggered the formation of efficient and permeable amphiphilic molecules such as phospholipids, thus playing a relevant role in the evolution of the first cellular membranes needed for the emergence of life.
Cell membranes are a key element of life because they keep the genetic material and metabolic machinery together. All present cell membranes are made of phospholipids, yet the nature of the first membranes and the origin of phospholipids are still under debate. We report here the presence of ethanolamine in space,
N
H
2
C
H
2
C
H
2
OH, which forms the hydrophilic head of the simplest and second-most-abundant phospholipid in membranes. The molecular column density of ethanolamine in interstellar space is
N
= (1.51
±
0.07)
×
10
13
c
m
−
2
, implying a molecular abundance with respect to
H
2
of
(
0.9
−
1.4
)
×
10
−
10
. Previous studies reported its presence in meteoritic material, but they suggested that it is synthesized in the meteorite itself by decomposition of amino acids. However, we find that the proportion of the molecule with respect to water in the interstellar medium is similar to the one found in the meteorite (
10
−
6
). These results indicate that ethanolamine forms efficiently in space and, if delivered onto early Earth, could have contributed to the assembling and early evolution of primitive membranes.
The chemical compounds carrying the thiol group (-SH) have been considered essential in recent prebiotic studies regarding the polymerization of amino acids. We have searched for this kind of ...compound toward the Galactic Center quiescent cloud G+0.693–0.027. We report the first detection in the interstellar space of the trans-isomer of monothioformic acid (t-HC(O)SH) with an abundance of ∼1 נ10−10. Additionally, we provide a solid confirmation of the gauche isomer of ethyl mercaptan (g-C2H5SH) with an abundance of ∼3 נ10−10, and we also detect methyl mercaptan (CH3SH) with an abundance of ∼5 נ10−9. Abundance ratios were calculated for the three SH-bearing species and their OH analogs, revealing similar trends between alcohols and thiols with increasing complexity. Possible chemical routes for the interstellar synthesis of t-HC(O)SH, CH3SH, and C2H5SH are discussed, as well as the relevance of these compounds in the synthesis of prebiotic proteins in the primitive Earth.
•Prevalence of Ear Nose Throat pathology in Cystic Fibrosis patients is high but often remains undiagnosed.•A close Ear Nose Throat follow up is strongly recommended to prevent possible complications ...in Cystic Fibrosis patients.•Ethmoidal mucocele is not a common Ear Nose Throat complication but it is important because it could result in severe visual impairment.•Recent studies have shown phenotypical changes in Escherichia coli strains that remembered those of the classic Cystic Fibrosis pathogens and association between Escherichia coli and Ear Nose Throat pathology.
In cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, Ear Nose Throat (ENT) pathology is often undiagnosed despite its high prevalence and its possible life-threatening complications. We present the case of an ethmoidal mucocele leading to ocular manifestations in a 2-year-old girl with cystic fibrosis with no previous serious complications. She progressively developed non-axial proptosis, limitation of the adduction and exotropia of her left eye. Paranasal sinus magnetic resonance image (MRI) showed a left ethmoidal mucocele causing displacement of the ocular globe, compression of the medial rectus and the optic nerve. Eye fundus revealed disc edema and diffuse vascular congestion. Endoscopic sinus surgery was performed to remove the mass. The mucocele was drained and the discharge was sent for microbiology assessment. Escherichia coli (E. coli) was found in the culture and treated with cefotaxime and dexamethasone with complete resolution of non-axial proptosis and disc edema.
Context. Very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations at 86 GHz (wavelength, λ = 3 mm) reach a resolution of about 50 μas, probing the collimation and acceleration regions of relativistic ...outflows in active galactic nuclei (AGN). The physical conditions in these regions can be studied by performing 86 GHz VLBI surveys of representative samples of compact extragalactic radio sources. Aims. To extend the statistical studies of compact extragalactic jets, a large global 86 GHz VLBI survey of 162 compact radio sources was conducted in 2010–2011 using the Global Millimeter VLBI Array (GMVA). Methods. The survey observations were made in a snapshot mode, with up to five scans per target spread over a range of hour angles in order to optimize the visibility coverage. The survey data attained a typical baseline sensitivity of 0.1 Jy and a typical image sensitivity of 5 mJy beam−1, providing successful detections and images for all of the survey targets. For 138 objects, the survey provides the first ever VLBI images made at 86 GHz. Gaussian model fitting of the visibility data was applied to represent the structure of the observed sources and to estimate the flux densities and sizes of distinct emitting regions (components) in their jets. These estimates were used for calculating the brightness temperature (Tb) at the jet base (core) and in one or more moving regions (jet components) downstream from the core. These model-fit-based estimates of Tb were compared to the estimates of brightness temperature limits made directly from the visibility data, demonstrating a good agreement between the two methods. Results. The apparent brightness temperature estimates for the jet cores in our sample range from 2.5 × 109 K to 1.3 × 1012 K, with the mean value of 1.8 × 1011 K. The apparent brightness temperature estimates for the inner jet components in our sample range from 7.0 × 107 K to 4.0 × 1011 K. A simple population model with a single intrinsic value of brightness temperature, T0, is applied to reproduce the observed distribution. It yields T0 = (3.77−0.14+0.10) × 1011 K T 0 = ( 3 . 77 − 0.14 + 0.10 ) × 10 11 K $ T_{\mathrm{0}} = (3.77^{+0.10}_{-0.14}) \times 10^{11} {\rm K} $ for the jet cores, implying that the inverse Compton losses dominate the emission. In the nearest jet components, T0 = (1.42−0.19+0.16) × 1011 K T 0 = ( 1 . 42 − 0.19 + 0.16 ) × 10 11 K $ T_{\mathrm{0}} = (1.42^{+0.16}_{-0.19}) \times 10^{11} {\rm K} $ is found, which is slightly higher than the equipartition limit of ∼5 × 1010 K expected for these jet regions. For objects with sufficient structural detail detected, the adiabatic energy losses are shown to dominate the observed changes of brightness temperature along the jet.
Abstract
A quarter century after the detection of the last interstellar carboxylic acid, acetic acid (CH
3
COOH), we report the discovery of a new one, the
cis-trans
form of carbonic acid (HOCOOH), ...toward the Galactic center molecular cloud G+0.693–0.027. HOCOOH stands as the first interstellar molecule containing three oxygen atoms and the third carboxylic acid detected so far in the interstellar medium. Albeit the limited available laboratory measurements (up to 65 GHz), we have also directly identified several pairs of unblended lines in the astronomical data (between 75 and 120 GHz), which allowed us to slightly improve the set of spectroscopic constants. We derive a column density for
cis-trans
HOCOOH of
N
= (6.4 ± 0.4) × 10
12
cm
−2
, which yields an abundance with respect to molecular H
2
of 4.7 × 10
−11
. Meanwhile, the extremely low dipole moment (about 15 times lower) of the lower-energy conformer,
cis-cis
HOCOOH, precludes its detection. We obtain an upper limit to its abundance with respect to H
2
of ≤1.2 × 10
−9
, which suggests that
cis-cis
HOCOOH might be fairly abundant in interstellar space, although it is nearly undetectable by radio astronomical observations. We derive a
cis-cis
/
cis-trans
ratio of ≤25, consistent with the smaller energy difference between both conformers compared with the relative stability of
trans-
and
cis
-formic acid. Finally, we compare the abundance of these acids in different astronomical environments, further suggesting a relationship between the chemical content found in the interstellar medium and the chemical composition of the minor bodies of the solar system, which could be inherited during the star formation process.
We report the first detection in the interstellar medium (ISM) of a C2H5O2N isomer: syn-glycolamide (NH2C(O)CH2OH). The exquisite sensitivity at sub-mK levels of an ultradeep spectral survey carried ...out with the Yebes 40 m and IRAM 30 m telescopes toward the G+0.693–0.027 molecular cloud has allowed us to unambiguously identify multiple transitions of this species. We derived a column density of (7.4 ± 0.7) × 1012 cm−2, which implies a molecular abundance with respect to H2 of 5.5 × 10−11. The other C2H5O2N isomers, including the higher-energy anti conformer of glycolamide and two conformers of glycine, were not detected. The upper limit derived for the abundance of glycine indicates that this amino acid is surely less abundant than its isomer glycolamide in the ISM. The abundances of the C2H5O2N isomers cannot be explained in terms of thermodynamic equilibrium; thus, chemical kinetics need to be invoked. While the low abundance of glycine might not be surprising, based on the relative low abundances of acids in the ISM compared to other compounds (e.g., alcohols, aldehydes, or amines), several chemical pathways can favor the formation of its isomer glycolamide. It can be formed through radical–radical reactions on the surface of dust grains. The abundances of these radicals can be significantly boosted in an environment affected by a strong ultraviolet field induced by cosmic rays, such as that expected in G+0.693–0.027. Therefore, as shown by several recent molecular detections toward this molecular cloud, it stands out as the best target to discover new species with carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen with increasing chemical complexity.
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