While it might be desirable to amend the constitution of Canada to acknowledge the distinctiveness of Indian society as an aid to construction of instruments, it is unnecessary to amend the ...constitution in order to add a substantive right of Indian self-government. That right is already entrenched as an existing aboriginal right within the meaning of section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982. The right was constituted by prerogative legislation in the eighteenth century, and has since been reiterated in the statutes of the imperial government which also established the corresponding constitutional powers of the federal and provincial governments. As originally constituted and since perpetuated the right has meant that federal and provincial governments may not legally encroach upon the Indians' jurisdiction to govern their own civil affairs. But neither are the federal and provincial governments under any express or necessarily implied constitutional obligation financially to support Indian governments. Furthermore the Indian right is plenary, in that it applies to civil affairs generally, rather than to a delegated set of enumerated powers. Although the basis for the right was not the common law, the only basis consistent with current federal policy is as if it were common law. That policy presumes that if ever the Indian right had existed it has been superseded historically by actions of federal and provincial governments inconsistent with it. However, the thesis here suggests that since the imperial legislation which actually constituted the right and subsequently reiterated it has never been repealed, such supersession is a legal impossibility. Because it is basic to federal policy the supersession idea nevertheless dominates the current approach to law reform and the negotiation process, which proceeds upon the assumption that the municipal form of self-government on offer, with its delegated enumerated powers to carry out local works, is at least something where nothing exists at the present time. The Indian need to secure financial support renders insisting upon the application of existing law seem politically counterproductive, although it need not be so.
A set of twelve field lysimeters were designed and installed for deficit irrigation and crop water stress studies. Permanent rainout shelters were designed to be lightweight, portable, and ...inexpensive. The shelters provided continuous rain protection. However, polycarbonate roofing panels reduced solar radiation levels by 35 to 40 percent. Temperature and relative humidity differences were small among the shelters and with respect to the unsheltered area. Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. Stoneville 825) was grown during the summer of 1985; in the lysimeter facility. A sequential water stress study was performed to analyze the applicability of the Stress Day Index yield response model (Hiler, 1969; and Hiler and Clark, 1971) to sequential stress situations. Water stress treatments included a well watered control (CON), a stress during peak flowering (ST1), a stress during late flowering (ST2), and a sequential stress (SEQ) which encompassed peak and late flowering with one irrigation between stress periods. Water stress during peak flowering reduced yield by 37% while water stress during late flowering reduced yield by 33%. A sequential stress reduced the total yield by 44% with respect to nonstressed conditions. Comparing sequential stress results with the results from the first stress period (ST) showed that the sequential stress reduced yield by 11% with respect to the first stress. A stress day index (SDI) analysis was performed. Yield data from this study were used to calculate crop susceptibility (CS) factors while leaf water potential ((psi)(,L)), and available water ((theta)(,A)) data were used for stress day (SD) factor calculation. These data were normalized and placed in dimensionless terms. The modified values of (psi)(,L) and (theta)(,A) each distinctly defined the stress periods. Plots of relative yield (Y/Yp) versus SID supported the linearity of the SDI model with coefficients of determination (r('2)) that ranged from 0.953 for the (theta)(,A) based SDI model to 0.997 for the (psi)(,L) based model. The effects of the sequential stress were successfully modeled using data from the CON, ST1, and ST2 treatments. This was accomplished using either (psi)(,L) or (theta)(,A) based SD factors.
The development of the Han's algorithm in 1977 has sparked a good deal of interest in using nonlinear programming techniques for optimizing chemical processes. Much of this work has been oriented ...towards using the models in conventional, "sequential modular" simulators to evaluate the coefficients for an approximate (and perhaps reduced) process model, then applying an optimizer to this simpler model. One important problem, however, seems to have been overlooked: when evaluating the behavior of units exhibiting phase and chemical equilibrium, the simulator must make discrete decisions (based on composition, temperature and pressure) about the number of nature of the phases present. This causes nondifferentiabilities in the approximate model seen by the optimizer and can lead to erratic behavior--perhaps even failure to converge. In this work we show that this problem can be formulated naturally as an embedded optimization and discuss the inherent difficulties in solving this type of problem. We discuss two algorithms we have proposed for obtaining a local optimum by solving a sequence of "single-level" nonlinear programs. Our computational experience shows that an algorithm based on a problem relaxation appears very promising.
Integral transport theory is used to compute transfer matrix elements for neutral particle streaming through r-z rectangular voids. The transfer matrix is utilized in a hybrid method; it interfaces ...with a conventional discrete ordinates calculation outside the void. Since the hybrid interface is accomplished within the inner iteration of an existing discrete ordinates code, standard sweeping schemes used in SN codes are not adversely affected. The resulting transfer matrix is independent of the multigroup energy structure used in a calculation. Further, the transfer matrix is not affected by changes in materials or cross sections outside the void. For these reasons, once a transfer matrix is calculated it can be used in a wide variety of problems containing a similar void. In this study, the transfer matrix hybrid, standard discrete ordinates, and Monte Carlo methods are applied to two sample problems to compare the accuracy of these methods. The Monte Carlo results are considered correct in order to compute errors in the deterministic calculations. The transfer matrix hybrid method is more accurate than conventional SN methods; the ray effect, persistent in discrete ordinates calculations, is substantially reduced. In addition, the transfer matrix hybrid executes faster than higher order SN calculations.
