Searching product information and buying goods online are becoming increasingly popular activities, which would seem likely to affect shopping trips. However, little empirical evidence about the ...relationships between e-shopping and in-store shopping is available. The aim of this study is to describe how the frequencies of online searching, online buying, and non-daily shopping trips relate to each other, and how they are influenced by such factors as attitudes, behaviour, and land use features. Questionnaire data were collected from 826 respondents residing in four municipalities (one urban, three suburban) in the centre of the Netherlands. Structural equation modelling was used to examine the variables’ multiple and complex relationships. The results show that searching online positively affects the frequency of shopping trips, which in its turn positively influences buying online. An indirect positive effect of time-pressure on online buying was found and an indirect negative effect of online searching on shopping duration. These findings suggest that, for some people, e-shopping could be task-oriented (a time-saving strategy), and leisure-oriented for others. Urban residents shop online more often than suburban residents, because they tend to have a faster Internet connection. The more shopping opportunities one can reach within 10
min by bicycle, the less often one searches online.
Using data collected among 742 respondents, this article aims at gaining greater insight into (i) the interaction between face-to-face (F2F) and electronic contacts, (ii) the influence of information ...content and relational distance on the communication mode/ service choice and (iii) the influence of relational and geographical distance, in addition to other factors, on the frequency of F2F and electronic contacts with relatives and friends. The results show that the frequency of F2F contacts is positively correlated with that for electronic communication, pointing at a complementarity effect.With respect to information content and relational distance, we find, on the basis of descriptive analyses, that synchronous modes/services (F2F and telephone conversations) are used more for urgent matters and that asynchronous modes (in particular email) become more influential as the relational distance increases. Finally, ordered probit analyses confirm that the frequency of both F2F and electronic communication declines when the physical and relational distance to social network members increases.
Cohorts based on administrative data have size advantages over individual cohorts in investigating air pollution risks, but often lack in-depth information on individual risk factors related to ...lifestyle. If there is a correlation between lifestyle and air pollution, omitted lifestyle variables may result in biased air pollution risk estimates. Correlations between lifestyle and air pollution can be induced by socio-economic status affecting both lifestyle and air pollution exposure.
Our overall aim was to assess potential confounding by missing lifestyle factors on air pollution mortality risk estimates. The first aim was to assess associations between long-term exposure to several air pollutants and lifestyle factors. The second aim was to assess whether these associations were sensitive to adjustment for individual and area-level socioeconomic status (SES), and whether they differed between subgroups of the population. Using the obtained air pollution–lifestyle associations and indirect adjustment methods, our third aim was to investigate the potential bias due to missing lifestyle information on air pollution mortality risk estimates in administrative cohorts.
We used a recent Dutch national health survey of 387,195 adults to investigate the associations of PM10, PM2.5, PM2.5-10, PM2.5 absorbance, OPDTT, OPESR and NO2 annual average concentrations at the residential address from land use regression models with individual smoking habits, alcohol consumption, physical activity and body mass index. We assessed the associations with and without adjustment for neighborhood and individual SES characteristics typically available in administrative data cohorts. We illustrated the effect of including lifestyle information on the air pollution mortality risk estimates in administrative cohort studies using a published indirect adjustment method.
Current smoking and alcohol consumption were generally positively associated with air pollution. Physical activity and overweight were negatively associated with air pollution. The effect estimates were small (mostly <5% of the air pollutant standard deviations). Direction and magnitude of the associations depended on the pollutant, use of continuous vs. categorical scale of the lifestyle variable, and level of adjustment for individual and area-level SES. Associations further differed between subgroups (age, sex) in the population. Despite the small associations between air pollution and smoking intensity, indirect adjustment resulted in considerable changes of air pollution risk estimates for cardiovascular and especially lung cancer mortality.
Individual lifestyle-related risk factors were weakly associated with long-term exposure to air pollution in the Netherlands. Indirect adjustment for missing lifestyle factors in administrative data cohort studies may substantially affect air pollution mortality risk estimates.
•Lifestyle factors were weakly associated with long-term air pollution exposure.•Lifestyle-air pollution associations diminished, but not fully explained by SES.•Mortality risk could be biased when lifestyle missing in administrative data cohorts.
Land use change models are tools to support the analysis of the causes and consequences of land use dynamics. Scenario analysis with land use models can support land use planning and policy. Numerous ...land use models are available, developed from different disciplinary backgrounds. This paper reviews current models to identify priority issues for future land use change modelling research. This discussion is based on six concepts important to land use modelling: (1) Level of analysis; (2) Cross-scale dynamics; (3) Driving forces; (4) Spatial interaction and neighbourhood effects; (5) Temporal dynamics; and (6) Level of integration. For each of these concepts an overview is given of the variety of methods used to implement these concepts in operational models. It is concluded that a lot of progress has been made in building land use change models. However, in order to incorporate more aspects important to land use modelling it is needed to develop a new generation of land use models that better address the multi-scale characteristics of the land use system, implement new techniques to quantify neighbourhood effects, explicitly deal with temporal dynamics and achieve a higher level of integration between disciplinary approaches and between models studying urban and rural land use changes. If these requirements are fulfilled models will better support the analysis of land use dynamics and land use policy formulation.
This paper analyses the residential mobility of China's rural-urban migrants in light of evidence from Yangzhou, a medium-sized city in Jiangsu province. To evaluate the effects of forced moves ...induced by demolition-led redevelopment, these outcomes are compared to those of voluntary moves. The evaluation is specifically concerned with dwelling attributes and location characteristics. Dwelling attributes consist of tenure and housing facilities, while commuting distance, distance to the city centre and the length of a child's trip to school comprise the location characteristics. Logistic regression of data from a 2012-2013 survey shows that a voluntary relocation and the intention to move prior to notification of intended demolition are likely to result in positive outcomes. The migrants' relocation strategy involves making a trade-off between better dwelling attributes and a better location. When housing improvement is their major concern, they tend to move to peripheral areas. However, it seems that children's educational opportunities are being factored into the trade-off. In that case, migrants purchase an apartment in a specific school district or at least move closer to it. For the sake of their children, they relegate other motives to second place.
Limtanakool N., Schwanen T. and Dijst M. Developments in the Dutch urban system on the basis of flows, Regional Studies. In this study, the 1992, 1995, 1999, and 2002 Netherlands National Travel ...Surveys are employed to examine the change in the configuration of the urban system on the basis of commute and leisure flows between 23 daily urban systems (DUSs). The results for commuting flows provide some evidence of smaller differences in the importance of DUSs in the system over the ten-year period in the Dutch urban system. Leisure flows, however, do not reveal clear evidence of such development. It is found that the development process occurs very slowly and the developments between DUSs in close proximity to one another take place at a faster pace than between those located further away.
Limtanakool N., Schwanen T. et Dijst M. Le développement du système urbain néerlandais sur la base des flux, Regional Studies. A partir des enquêtes de 1992, 1995, 1999 et 2002 sur les trajets quotidiens aux Pays-Bas, menées au niveau national, cette étude cherche à examiner l'évolution de l'ossature du système urbain sur la base des migrations quotidiennes entre vingt-trois Daily Urban Systems (DUS; systèmes urbains quotidiens) pour se rendre au travail et au loisir. Pour ce qui est des migrations quotidiennes pour se rendre à la zone de travail. Les résultats laissent voir de faibles différences quant à l'importance des DUS dans le système urbain néerlandais sur une période de dix années. Cependant, les migrations quotidiennes pour se rendre à la zone de loisir ne font pas preuve d'un tel développement. Il s'avère que le processus de développement évolue très lentement et que les développements entre DUS à proximité évoluent plus rapidement que ne le font ceux qui sont entre DUS à plus grande distance.
Système urbain Flux urbains Polycentrisme Pays-Bas
Limtanakool N., Schwanen T. und Dijst M. Entwicklungen im holländischen urbanen System auf der Grundlage von Strömen, Regional Studies. In dieser Studie werden mit Hilfe der nationalen Verkehrserhebungen in den Niederlanden von 1992, 1995, 1999 und 2002 die Veränderungen in der Konfiguration der urbanen Systeme anhand der Verkehrsströme zu Arbeits- und Freizeitzwecken zwischen 23 Einzugsgebieten untersucht. Die Ergebnisse bei den Verkehrsströmen von Berufspendlern liefern einige Anzeichen für kleinere Unterschiede hinsichtlich der Bedeutung der Einzugsgebiete im System über den zehnjährigen Zeitraum des holländischen urbanen Systems. Bei den Verkehrsströmen zu Freizeitzwecken werden hingegen keine klaren Anzeichen für eine solche Entwicklung sichtbar. Wir stellen fest, dass der Entwicklungsprozess äußerst langsam vonstatten geht und dass sich die Entwicklungen zwischen nahe beieinander liegenden Einzugsgebieten schneller vollziehen als die zwischen weiter voneinander entfernt liegenden Gebieten.
Urbanes System Urbane Verkehrsströme Polyzentrismus Niederlande
Limtanakool N., Schwanen T. y Dijst M. Desarrollo en el sistema urbano holandés según los flujos, Regional Studies. Con ayuda de las encuestas nacionales sobre el tráfico en los Países Bajos de 1992, 1995, 1999 y 2002, en este ensayo analizamos el cambio en la configuración del sistema urbano en función de los flujos de desplazamiento por motivos laborales y de ocio entre veintitrés sistemas urbanos de movimientos pendulares diarios. En los resultados de los flujos de desplazamientos por motivos laborales se observan pequeñas diferencias en cuanto a la importancia de los sistemas urbanos diarios en el sistema durante un periodo de diez años en el sistema urbano holandés. Sin embargo, los flujos de ocio no indican una clara evidencia de tal desarrollo. Observamos que el proceso de desarrollo ocurre muy lentamente y los desarrollos entre los sistemas urbanos diarios que están próximos entre ellos tienen lugar a un ritmo más rápido que entre los que están más lejos.
Sistema urbano Flujos urbanos Policentrismo Los Países Bajos
Greenness exposure has been associated with many health benefits, for example through the pathway of providing opportunities for physical activity (PA). Beside the limited body of longitudinal ...research, most studies overlook to what extent different types of greenness exposures may be associated with varying levels of PA and sedentary behavior (SB). In this study, we investigated associations of greenness characterized by density, diversity and vegetation type with self-reported PA and SB over a 9-year period, using data from the ORISCAV-LUX study (2007-2017, n = 628).
The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) short form was used to collect PA and SB outcomes. PA was expressed as MET-minutes/week and log-transformed, and SB was expressed as sitting time in minutes/day. Geographic Information Systems (ArcGIS Pro, ArcMap) were used to collect the following exposure variables: Tree Cover Density (TCD), Soil-adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), and Green Land Use Mix (GLUM). The exposure variables were derived from publicly available sources using remote sensing and cartographic resources. Greenness exposure was calculated within 1000m street network buffers around participants' exact residential address.
Using Random Effects Within-Between (REWB) models, we found evidence of negative within-individual associations of TCD with PA (β = - 2.60, 95% CI - 4.75; - 0.44), and negative between-individual associations of GLUM and PA (β = - 2.02, 95% CI - 3.73; - 0.32). There was no evidence for significant associations between greenness exposure and SB. Significant interaction effects by sex were present for the associations between TCD and both PA and SB. Neighborhood socioeconomic status (NSES) did not modify the effect of greenness exposure on PA and SB in the 1000 m buffer.
Our results showed that the relationship between greenness exposure and PA depended on the type of greenness measure used, which stresses the need for the use of more diverse and complementary greenness measures in future research. Tree vegetation and greenness diversity, and changes therein, appeared to relate to PA, with distinct effects among men and women. Replication studies are needed to confirm the relevance of using different greenness measures to understand its' different associations with PA and SB.
Air pollution has been shown to promote cardiovascular disease in adults. Possible mechanisms include air pollution induced changes in arterial wall function and structure. Atherosclerotic vascular ...disease is a lifelong process and childhood exposure may play a critical role. We investigated whether air pollution is related to arterial wall changes in 5-year old children. To this aim, we developed an air pollution exposure methodology including time-weighted activity patterns improving upon epidemiological studies which assess exposure only at residential addresses.
The study is part of an existing cohort study in which measurements of carotid artery intima-media thickness, carotid artery distensibility, elastic modulus, diastolic and systolic blood pressure have been obtained. Air pollution assessments were based on annual average concentration maps of Particulate Matter and Nitrogen Oxides at 5 m resolution derived from the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects. We defined children's likely primary activities and for each activity we calculated the mean air pollution exposure within the assumed area visited by the child. The exposure was then weighted by the time spent performing each activity to retrieve personal air pollution exposure for each child. Time spent in these activities was based upon a Dutch mobility survey. To assess the relation between the vascular status and air pollution exposure we applied linear regressions in order to adjust for potential confounders.
Carotid artery distensibility was consistently associated with the exposures among the 733 5-years olds. Regression analysis showed that for air pollution exposures carotid artery distensibility decreased per standard deviation. Specifically, for NO
carotid artery distensibility decreased by - 1.53 mPa
(95% CI: -2.84, - 0.21), for NO
by - 1.35 mPa
(95% CI: -2.67, - 0.04), for PM
by - 1.38 mPa
(95% CI: -2.73, - 0.02), for PM
by - 1.56 mPa
(95% CI: -2.73, - 0.39), and for PM
by - 1.63 (95% CI: -2.30, - 0.18). No associations were observed for the rest outcomes.
The results of this study support the view that air pollution exposure may reduce arterial distensibility starting in young children. If the reduced distensibility persists, this may have clinical relevance later in life. The results of this study further stress the importance of reducing environmental pollutant exposures.
Evidence on the association between natural-built environments and depression is largely derived from the general population and prone to residential self-selection bias because of the nature of ...cross-sectional research design. Despite emerging adulthood, which includes the university years, is a critical stage for forming life-long health habits, studies on this topic focusing on undergraduate students are limited. The current study aims to illustrate the underlying mechanisms for how the campus-based environments affect depression in undergraduate students.
Based on a nationwide representative analytical sample of 22,009 Chinese undergraduates in 2018, we examined participants' reports of depression and campus-centered natural/built environments within multiple buffer sizes including 0.5, 1.0, and 2.5 km. After disentangling residential self-selection, we explored the moderating role of the socioeconomic attributes of undergraduates. The depression outcome was measured by the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ9). Indicators of exposure to green and blue space, transportation infrastructure, and food environments were objectively assessed using different circular buffers around each campus address.
Modeling results indicated that campus neighborhoods with more scattered trees (0.5 km), water (0.5, 1.0, and 2.5 km), and street intersections (1.0 and 2.5 km) were protective against depression. In contrast, those living near denser distributions of outlets serving take-away sweets and fast food (0.5, 1.0, and 2.5 km) were susceptible to depression. These associations were modified by undergraduates' socioeconomic attributes (e.g., grade,
status, and ethnicity) and varied according to geographical scales and exposure metrics.
To deliver effective environmental interventions to curb the prevalence of depression among undergraduate students, further planning policies should focus on the careful conception of the campus-based environment, especially regarding different spatial scales.
High-speed railway (HSR) has become a sustainable transport mode for inter-city travel, especially in China. As public transport (PT), the use of HSR involves access and egress to and from HSR ...stations. However, the literature focusing on the intra-city mode choice of HSR travelers is limited, especially regarding their differential socio-demographic and trip characteristics. This paper aims to fill that gap with an analysis of access/egress mode choice for business and leisure journeys in the Yangzi River Delta region. Using the HSR survey from Fudan University, we found that in China older and wealthier travelers have a strong preference for car use. For leisure travel, the explanatory power of the socio-demographic variables is much more influential in the egress than the access stage. With increasing access time, business travelers may be enticed to shift to a faster form of PT (e.g., subway rather than bus) in the access stage. With increasing line-haul time, only business travelers have a stronger preference for car use as their intra-city mode choice for business activities. A higher number of subway lines and diversity of land use around HSR stations is associated with less car use for business travelers in the egress stage.
PDF
