Fundamentals
De Gruyter eBooks,
2022, Volume:
1
eBook
Open access
Volume 1 establishes the foundations of this new field. It goes through all the steps from data collection, their summary and clustering, to different aspects of resource-aware learning, i.e., ...hardware, memory, energy, and communication awareness. Machine learning methods are inspected with respect to resource requirements and how to enhance scalability on diverse computing architectures ranging from embedded systems to large computing clusters.
This Open Access book celebrates Professor Peter Marwedel's outstanding achievements in compilers, embedded systems, and cyber-physical systems. The contributions in the book summarize the content of ...invited lectures given at the workshop "Embedded Systems" held at the Technical University Dortmund in early July 2019 in honor of Professor Marwedel's seventieth birthday. Provides a comprehensive view from leading researchers with respect to the past, present, and future of the design of embedded and cyber-physical systems; Discusses challenges and (potential) solutions from theoreticians and practitioners on modeling, design, analysis, and optimization for embedded and cyber-physical systems; Includes coverage of model verification, communication, software runtime systems, operating systems and real-time computing.
A unique feature of this open access textbook is to provide a comprehensive introduction to the fundamental knowledge in embedded systems, with applications in cyber-physical systems and the Internet ...of things. It starts with an introduction to the field and a survey of specification models and languages for embedded and cyber-physical systems. It provides a brief overview of hardware devices used for such systems and presents the essentials of system software for embedded systems, including real-time operating systems. The author also discusses evaluation and validation techniques for embedded systems and provides an overview of techniques for mapping applications to execution platforms, including multi-core platforms. Embedded systems have to operate under tight constraints and, hence, the book also contains a selected set of optimization techniques, including software optimization techniques. The book closes with a brief survey on testing. This fourth edition has been updated and revised to reflect new trends and technologies, such as the importance of cyber-physical systems (CPS) and the Internet of things (IoT), the evolution of single-core processors to multi-core processors, and the increased importance of energy efficiency and thermal issues.
A unique feature of this open access textbook is to provide a comprehensive introduction to the fundamental knowledge in embedded systems, with applications in cyber-physical systems and the Internet ...of things. It starts with an introduction to the field and a survey of specification models and languages for embedded and cyber-physical systems. It provides a brief overview of hardware devices used for such systems and presents the essentials of system software for embedded systems, including real-time operating systems. The author also discusses evaluation and validation techniques for embedded systems and provides an overview of techniques for mapping applications to execution platforms, including multi-core platforms. Embedded systems have to operate under tight constraints and, hence, the book also contains a selected set of optimization techniques, including software optimization techniques. The book closes with a brief survey on testing. This fourth edition has been updated and revised to reflect new trends and technologies, such as the importance of cyber-physical systems (CPS) and the Internet of things (IoT), the evolution of single-core processors to multi-core processors, and the increased importance of energy efficiency and thermal issues.
In the verification of safety-critical real-time systems, the problem of determining the worst-case execution time (WCET) of a task is of utmost importance. Safe formal methods have been established ...for solving the single-task, single-core WCET problem. The de-facto standard approach uses abstract interpretation to derive basic block execution times and a combinatorial path analysis which derives the longest path through the program. WCET analyses for multi-core computers have extended this methodology by assuming that shared resources are partitioned in either time or space and that therefore each core can still be analyzed separately. For real-world multi-cores this assumption is often not true, making the classic WCET analysis approach either inapplicable or very imprecise. To overcome this, we present a technique to explore the interleavings of a parallel task system as well as an exclusion criterion to prove that certain interleavings can never occur. We show how this technique can be integrated into existing WCET analysis approaches and finally show that the average WCET of a collection of real-time benchmarks could be reduced by a factor of up to 11.96 using this new analysis type.
•First precise WCET computation for complex multi-core systems.•Proofs of correctness.•Extended evaluation including shared caches.
•Approach and (software) parallelization infrastructure for embedded systems.•Extract pipeline-, task-, and data-level parallelism•Toolflow combines parallelization, mapping and necessary ...synchronization.•Enables fast and easy prototyping.
Future low-end embedded systems will make an increased use of heterogeneous MPSoCs. To utilize these systems efficiently, methods and tools are required that support the extraction and implementation of parallelism typically found in embedded applications. Ideally, large amounts of existing legacy code should be reused and ported to these new systems. Existing parallelization infrastructures, however, mostly support parallelization according to the requirements of HPEC systems. For resource-restricted embedded systems, different parallelization strategies are necessary to achieve additional non-functional objectives such as the reduction of energy consumption. HPC-focused parallelization also assumes processor, memory and communication structures different from low-end embedded systems and therefore wastes optimization opportunities essential for improving the performance of resource-constrained embedded systems.
This paper describes a new approach and infrastructure inspired by the OpenMP API to support the extraction and implementation of pipeline parallelism, which is commonly found in complex embedded applications. In addition, advanced techniques to extract parallelism from legacy applications requiring only minimal code modifications are presented. Further, the resulting toolflow combines advanced parallelization, mapping and communication optimization tools leading to a more efficient approach to exploit parallelism for typical embedded applications on heterogeneous MPSoCs running distributed real-time operating systems.
In the development of hard real-time systems, knowledge of the
Worst-Case Execution Time
(WCET) is needed to guarantee the safety of a system. For single-core systems, static analyses have been ...developed which are able to derive guaranteed bounds on a program’s WCET. Unfortunately, these analyses cannot directly be applied to multi-core scenarios, where the different cores may interfere with each other during the access to shared resources like for example shared buses or memories. For the arbitration of such resources,
TDMA arbitration
has been shown to exhibit favorable timing predictability properties. In this article, we review and extend a methodology for analyzing access delays for TDMA-arbitrated resources. Formal proofs of the correctness of these methods are given and a thorough experimental evaluation is carried out, where the presented techniques are compared to preexisting ones on an extensive set of real-world benchmarks for different classes of analyzed systems.
Recent proof-of-principle studies demonstrated the suitability of the surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi) technique for the detection of individual submicrometer and nanoparticles in solutions. ...In the current study, we used the SPRi technique for visualization of the binding of round-shaped viruses (inactivated influenza A virus) and virus-like particles (human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-based virus-like particles) to the functionalized sensor surface. We show the applicability of the SPRi technique for the detection of individual virus-like particles in buffers without serum as well as in buffers containing different concentrations of serum. Furthermore, we prove the specificity of visualized binding events using two different pseudotypes of HIV virus-like particles. We also demonstrate the applicability of the SPRi technique for the determination of relative particle concentrations in solutions. Moreover, we suggest a technical approach, which allows enhancing the magnitude of binding signals. Our studies indicate that the SPRi technique represents an efficient research tool for quantification and characterization of biological submicrometer objects such as viruses or virus-like particles, for example.
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