Sources of Wage Growth Adda, Jérôme; Dustmann, Christian
The Journal of political economy,
02/2023, Volume:
131, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
This paper investigates the sources of wage growth over the life cycle, determined by sectoral and firm mobility, unobserved ability, the accumulation of cognitive-abstract or routine-manual skills, ...and whether workers enroll in vocational training at the start of their career. Our analysis uses longitudinal administrative data over three decades and shows that routine-manual skills drive early wage growth, while cognitive-abstract skills become more important later. Moreover, job amenities are an important determinant of mobility decisions. Vocational training has long-term effects on career outcomes through various channels and generates returns for both the individual and society.
The great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake and tsunami of 2004 was a dramatic reminder of the importance of understanding the seismic and tsunami hazards of subduction zones. In March 2005, the Sunda ...megathrust ruptured again, producing an event of moment magnitude (Mw) 8.6 south of the 2004 rupture area, which was the site of a similar event in 1861 (ref. 6). Concern was then focused on the Mentawai area, where large earthquakes had occurred in 1797 (Mw = 8.8) and 1833 (Mw = 9.0). Two earthquakes, one of Mw = 8.4 and, twelve hours later, one of Mw = 7.9, indeed occurred there on 12 September 2007. Here we show that these earthquakes ruptured only a fraction of the area ruptured in 1833 and consist of distinct asperities within a patch of the megathrust that had remained locked in the interseismic period. This indicates that the same portion of a megathrust can rupture in different patterns depending on whether asperities break as isolated seismic events or cooperate to produce a larger rupture. This variability probably arises from the influence of non-permanent barriers, zones with locally lower pre-stress due to the past earthquakes. The stress state of the portion of the Sunda megathrust that had ruptured in 1833 and 1797 was probably not adequate for the development of a single large rupture in 2007. The moment released in 2007 amounts to only a fraction both of that released in 1833 and of the deficit of moment that had accumulated as a result of interseismic strain since 1833. The potential for a large megathrust event in the Mentawai area thus remains large.
Air Passenger Rights Bobek, Michal; Prassl, Jeremias
2016, 2016., 2016-01-28
eBook
Regulation 261/2004 on Air Passengers’ Rights has been amongst the most high-profile pieces of EU secondary legislation of the past few years, generating controversial CJEU judgments, from ex parte ...IATA to Sturgeon. The Regulation has led to equally challenging decisions across the Member States, with domestic courts holding that a Regulation could not be relied upon by an individual claimant, or even threatening outright to refuse an application of its provisions. The economic stakes are significant for passengers and airlines alike, and despite the European Commission’s recent publication of reform proposals, controversies appear far from settled. At the same time the Regulation should, according to the Treaty, have the same direct and general application in all the Member States of the Union. How, then, can this diversity be explained? What implications does it have for the EU’s regulatory strategy at large? This book brings together leading experts in the field to present a series of case studies from 15 different Member States, as well as an overview of the extra-territorial application of Regulation 261, combined with high-level analysis from the perspectives of aviation law and EU law. Volume 3 in the series EU Law in the Member States
The analyses of cores retrieved from three sites near Port Blair (South Andaman) revealed out-of-sequence deposits at various depths. They are identified as previous episodes of tsunami by their ...sediment characteristics and microfossil content, using the 2004 event deposition as a template. These deposits have median ages of 601 cal. yr BP, 837 cal. yr BP, 1440 cal. yr BP, 3018 cal. yr BP, 3591 cal. yr BP, 4712 cal. yr BP, 5607 cal. yr BP, and 6357 cal. yr BP and are chronologically equivalent of those from the far-field locations in the Indian Ocean region. The distant deposits that are correlated with the South Andaman sites most likely owe their origin to the 2004-type events, as indicated by tsunami simulations in the study region. The long-term record presented here is characterized by an early phase of a quasiperiodic recurrence regime that transitions into a distinct interval of temporally clustered events. The quasiperiodic regime that appears around the mid-Holocene with an inter-event interval of 980 ± 385 years is followed by a sizable quiescent period of 1605 ± 245 years, before being succeeded by a regime of temporally clustered events. The chronology of nine tsunami events in the last 6500 years from the Indian Ocean region, thus implies a nonlinear pattern for the causative earthquakes. As demonstrated in the subduction zones elsewhere, the temporal variability of tsunamigenic great earthquakes is supported by the theoretical models espousing the characteristics of long-term stress recycling processes active within the subduction zones and transfer processes between the lower viscoelastic layer and the upper seismogenic crust.
•Provides a 6500-year sedimentary record from the South Andaman•The results are compared with the paleo-tsunamis records from elsewhere in the Indian Ocean coasts•Repeated tsunami patterns are categorized by clustered cycles separated by quiescence intervals•Non-linear temporal regimes of mega events can be used as a baseline inputs for theoretical models
How patent rights affect university science Bergé, Laurent R; Doherr, Thorsten; Hussinger, Katrin
Industrial and corporate change,
06/2023, Volume:
32, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Abstract
How do intellectual property rights influence academic science? We investigate the consequences of the introduction of software patents in the United States on the publications of university ...researchers in the field of computer science. Difference-in-difference estimations reveal that software scientists at US universities produced fewer publications (both in terms of quantity and quality) than their European counterparts after patent rights for software inventions were introduced. We then introduce a theoretical model that accounts for substitution and complementarity between patenting and publishing as well as for the direction of research. In line with the model’s prediction, further results show that the decrease in publications is largest for scientists at the bottom of the ability distribution. Furthermore, we evidence a change in the direction of research following the reform toward more applied research.
Large earthquakes do not only heavily deform the crust in the vicinity of the fault, they also change the gravity field of the area affected by the earthquake due to mass redistribution in the upper ...layers of the Earth. Besides that, for sub-oceanic earthquakes deformation of the ocean floor causes relative sea level changes and mass redistribution of water that have again a significant effect on the gravity field. To model these deformations, sea level changes and gravity field perturbations self-consistently we use an adapted version of the sea level equation (SLE) that has been used for glacial isostatic adjustment studies. The sea level equation, next to our normal mode model for seismic solid earth modeling, allows us to compute a gravitationally self-consistent solution for the co-seismic relative sea level, surface deformation and geoid height changes. We apply our geographically detailed models to the case of the 2004 December 26 Sumatra–Andaman earthquake. Recent studies that have modeled the ocean mass effect on co-seismic gravity change for this specific earthquake show model results that indicate a broad negative change in geoid height around the fault due to ocean water redistribution (de Linage et al., 2009; Melini et al., 2010). Our model results for the ocean contribution to geoid height differ from these studies in the sense that we find a pattern similar to the elongated dipole pattern of the solid earth model outputs for gravity and vertical deformation, together with a relatively small broad negative geoid height change. We explain the relation between outcomes for geoid height, relative sea level and vertical deformation of the ocean floor and we confront our model results with a least squares estimation of the co-seismic discontinuity in GRACE-derived gravity field time series. We show that taking into account the contribution of ocean water redistribution to the co-seismic geoid height change next to a compressible solid earth model is essential to explain the predominant negative co-seismic geoid anomalies from the GRACE gravity field solutions. Besides, we introduce a detailed approach to modeling an earthquake in a normal mode model that better approximates realistic continuous slip on the fault plane than models that do not distribute slip with depth. To demonstrate the importance of the slip distribution we show the differences in outcomes for modeled geoid height and vertical deformation.
► Co-seismic ocean water redistribution greatly influences geoid height change. ► Combination ocean response and earth compressibility explains co-seismic GRACE signal. ► Co-seismic deformation cannot be approximated well using only a few point sources. ► Ocean water redistribution hardly affects relative sea level and vertical deformation.
Recent centuries provide no precedent for the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, either on the coasts it devastated or within its source area. The tsunami claimed nearly all of its victims on shores that had ...gone 200 years or more without a tsunami disaster. The associated earthquake of magnitude 9.2 defied a Sumatra-Andaman catalogue that contains no nineteenth-century or twentieth-century earthquake larger than magnitude 7.9 (ref. 2). The tsunami and the earthquake together resulted from a fault rupture 1,500 km long that expended centuries' worth of plate convergence. Here, using sedimentary evidence for tsunamis, we identify probable precedents for the 2004 tsunami at a grassy beach-ridge plain 125 km north of Phuket. The 2004 tsunami, running 2 km across this plain, coated the ridges and intervening swales with a sheet of sand commonly 5-20 cm thick. The peaty soils of two marshy swales preserve the remains of several earlier sand sheets less than 2,800 years old. If responsible for the youngest of these pre-2004 sand sheets, the most recent full-size predecessor to the 2004 tsunami occurred about 550-700 years ago.
Diatom assemblages in sandy deposits of the 2004 tsunami at Phra Thong Island, Thailand may provide clues to flow conditions during the tsunami. The tsunami deposits contain one or more beds that ...fine upward, commonly from medium sand to silty very fine sand. Diatom assemblages of the lowermost portion of the deposit predominantly comprise unbroken beach and subtidal species that live attached to sand grains. The dominant taxa shift to marine plankton species in the middle of the bed and to a mix of freshwater, brackish, and marine species near the top. These trends are consistent with expected changes in current velocities of tsunami through time. During high current velocities, medium sand is deposited; only beach and subtidal benthic diatoms attached to sediment can be incorporated into the tsunami deposit. High shear velocity keeps finer material, including planktonic diatoms in suspension. With decreasing current velocities, finer material including marine plankton can be deposited. Finally, during the lull between tsunami waves, the entrained freshwater, brackish, and marine species settle out with mud and plant trash. Low numbers of broken diatoms in the lower medium sand implies rapid entrainment and deposition, whilst selective breakage of marine plankton (
Thalassionema nitzschioides, and
Thalassiosira and
Coscinodiscus spp.) in the middle portion of the deposit probably results from abrasion in the turbulent current before deposition.
Understanding the frequency of high energy storm and tsunami events is crucial for apprehending the vulnerability of coastal communities. Identifying and dating sedimentary evidence deposited by such ...high energy events can assist in the planning and installation of suitable protection measurements. The Andaman Sea coast of Thailand is particularly vulnerable to such events as illustrated by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. Here, three shore-perpendicular transects and ten sediment cores along a beach ridge in the northern part of Lam Son National Park, Ranong Province, Andaman Sea coast are investigated with respect to high energy deposits. A multi-proxy analysis was conducted including stratigraphical correlations between cores, detailed description of physical characteristics, sedimentary structure, grain size, organic matter and carbonate content as well as identification of the remains of marine organisms. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating was applied for determining the age of the sediments on this beach ridge plain. The stratigraphy and sediment characteristics, in particular composition, of the sands in the study area clearly allow us to distinguish between high energy deposits and normal beach sediments. Two high energy deposits were identified and attributed to result from the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami as well as a past storm, which, based on OSL dating occurred more than 340 ± 20 years ago.
PDF
