Earthquakes that generate large tsunamis share a number of unusual features. They commonly have long source-time functions, involve large displacements, of 10m or more, of the prisms of poorly ...consolidated sediment that form the accretionary wedge, and have many aftershocks with normal faulting mechanisms on the landward side of the trench. These features are not easily understood if the only source of the energy involved is the stored elastic strain. The observations, especially those from the Tohoku, Japan, 2011 earthquake, instead suggest that the observed behaviour results from the release of gravitational potential energy, as well as elastic strain. A simple model of this process can account for these and other observations.
► Large tsunami earthquakes release gravitational potential energy. ► The release occurs on faults that dip towards their island arcs, not by slumping. ► Many tsunami earthquakes show normal faulting within their accretionary prisms.
The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami triggered significant destruction to housing and related infrastructures across various coastal districts of south India. Research shows that tsunami reconstruction ...projects in Kerala experienced different degrees of success and failure. On this background, this study explored factors that contributed to the successful implementation of tsunami housing projects in Kerala by (1) consolidating various critical success factors (CSFs) for post-disaster reconstruction (PDR) projects under “project management success traits” through content analysis of existing literature; (2) deriving a conceptual model that envisages project success in PDR contexts; and (3) assessing the impacts of those success traits on tsunami housing projects using confirmatory factor analysis. Necessary data were gathered through a survey of various stakeholders involved in tsunami reconstruction projects in Kerala using structured questionnaires. The research revealed that PDR project success is attributed to critical dimensions of project management such as institutional mechanisms, reconstruction strategies, project implementation, and stakeholder management. A conceptual model with the interplay of project success, success traits, as well as their CSFs identified the project management actions that must be monitored during reconstruction. Since the project management approach is widely recognized for PDR projects, these success traits hold huge potential for effective organization and management of housing reconstruction projects. The study also helped to identify project management traits that need improvements for the successful implementation of post-disaster housing projects in Kerala. Thus the research findings can serve as a foundational study for formulating project management strategies appropriate to PDR projects in Kerala.
We are going to analyse three solutions which were adopted by a committee of the Superior Judicial Council (CSM) on the 23rd of November 2021, regarding the incompatibilities and restrictions ...applicable to magistrates (judges and prosecutors). All three solutions raise the common issues of the (lack of) competence of the Superior Judicial Council to interpret the law outside disciplinary procedures, as well as the manner in which the balance between freedom and restrictions was assessed. Even though the restrictions for magistrates are numerous, freedom is still the general rule and has to be preserved as such. Any incompatibilities and restrictions must be stated in an explicit and limitative manner by the law, and their interpretation must be a restrictive one.
The recent availability of Global Positioning System‐Acoustic seafloor geodetic observations enables us to resolve the spatial distribution of the slip deficit rate near the Nankai trough, ...southwestern Japan. Considering a tectonic block model and the transient deformation due to the major earthquakes in this area, the slip deficit rate between the two relevant blocks can be estimated. In this study, we remove the time‐dependent postseismic deformation of the 2004 southeastern off the Kii Peninsula earthquakes (MJMA 7.1, 7.4), which had led to the underestimation of the slip deficit rate in earlier studies. We model the postearthquake viscoelastic relaxation using the 3D finite element model with bi‐viscous Burgers rheology, as well as the afterslip on the finite faults. The corrected Global Positioning System‐Acoustic and land‐based Global Navigation Satellite Systems data are aligned to the existing tectonic model and used to estimate the slip deficit rate on the plate boundary. We then calculate the coseismic displacements and tsunami wave propagation with the simple assumption that a hundred years of constant slip deficit accumulation was released instantaneously. To evaluate the influence of uncertainties in the plate interface geometry on a tsunami model for the Nankai trough, we investigated two different geometries and performed checkerboard inversion simulations. Although the two models indicate roughly similar results, the peak height of the tsunami wave and its arrival time at several points are significantly different in terms of the expected hazard.
Key Points
Tsunami propagation scenarios in the Nankai trough were calculated based on the geodetically determined slip deficit rate
Corrections were made for postseismic relaxation and afterslip of the 2004 southeastern off the Kii Peninsula earthquakes
Seafloor GPS‐Acoustic observations significantly improve tsunami scenarios when combined with onshore continuous GNSS
Purpose
To determine whether implementation of the 2004 WHO/ISUP bladder cancer (BCa) grading system caused a grade migration, i.e., more tumors being graded as high grade (HG).
Methods
Data on 1040 ...BCa cases from 668 patients treated at our institution between 2000 and 2013 and reviewed by six pathologists were evaluated: low grade (LG): 249; HG: 791; Ta: 389; T1: 214; CIS: 95; ≥T2: 342. Differences in LG or HG cases (expressed as %BCa cases/year) were analyzed by Mann–Whitney test. Correlation between the year of diagnosis and clinical/pathological parameters was evaluated by logistic regression analyses.
Results
During the study period, BCa cases diagnosed as LG significantly decreased with a corresponding increase in HG cases. Nonlinear regression analysis indicated that ~2008 was the crossover point for grade migration; %LG: 31.8 ± 4.8 (2000–2007); 14.1 ± 7.0 (2008–2013); %HG: 68.2 ± 4.8 (2000–2007); 85.9 ± 6.9 (2008–2013),
P
= 0.004. The grade migration was confined to Ta cases with %LG Ta cases diagnosed decreasing by 3.6-fold from 2000–2007 to 2008–2013 (
P
= 0.004). Univariate and multivariate analyses confirmed the grade migration following the adoption of the 2004 system (
P
< 0.0001). Kaplan–Meier curves showed no significant differences between the two time intervals in terms of disease progression (
P
> 0.05).
Conclusions
Implementation of the 2004 WHO/ISUP system caused a significant increase in pathologists grading Ta cases as HG; however, this increase did not seem to correlate with disease progression. Since LG and HG Ta tumors are treated differently, grade migration may impact the clinical management of BCa patients.
This study investigates the spatial and temporal distribution of energy release of large, intermediate‐depth earthquakes using a modified back projection technique first used to study the 2004 ...Sumatra‐Andaman megathrust event. Multiple seismic phases are included in the back projection analysis, which provides the capability to determine the energy distribution with respect to depth and time. A total of 22 intermediate‐depth earthquakes with moment magnitudes greater than or equal to 6.5 are investigated with hypocentral depths between 100 and 300 km. For most of these events, the vertical extent of energy release is either below the resolution of this study (≤5 km) or slightly above (≤15 km). This observation agrees with previous studies that find large, intermediate‐depth earthquakes have subhorizontal rupture planes. The results also show a significant portion of the events have multiple rupture planes that are well separated in depth. The closeness in time of the ruptures on separate planes and the distance between the planes suggest dynamic triggering where the P waves from the first rupture initiate rupture on the second plane. We propose that a dehydration embrittlement mechanism combined with preferentially hydrated subhorizontal faults can explain the observations of dominant subhorizontal rupture planes and the frequent occurrence of rupture complexity involving multiple subevents.
Key Points
Large, intermediate‐depth events commonly have subhorizontal rupture planes
Our results suggest that dynamic triggering is common for these events
Preferential rehydration of subhorizontal faults may explain these results
This paper analyzes how electoral incentives affected the performance of a major decentralized conditional cash transfer program intended on reducing school dropout rates among children of poor ...households in Brazil. We show that while this federal program successfully reduced school dropout by 8 percentage points, the program's impact was 36% larger in municipalities governed by mayors who faced reelection possibilities compared to those with lame-duck mayors. First-term mayors with good program performance were much more likely to be reelected. These mayors adopted program implementation practices that were not only more transparent but also associated with better program outcomes.
Yavuz Altıntaş, Miyase. İctihadın Modern Müslüman-Çoğunluklu Ülkelerin Aile Hukuku Reformlarındaki Rolü: Fas Örneği. Doktora Tezi, SOAS Londra Üniversitesi, Hukuk ve Sosyal Bilimler Fakültesi Hukuk ...Anabilim Dalı, İngiltere, 2018. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı ictihadın modern dönemdeki kavramsallaştırma ve hukuki temellendirmelerini analiz ederek İslam hukukunun modern Müslüman-çoğunluklu ülkelerde uygulanmasındaki rolünü araştırmaktır. Bu araştırmada ictihadın hukuk reformlarında neden ve nasıl kullanıldığı meselesinin yanı sıra uygulama esnasında hangi motivasyonlar, teknikler, formlar ve muhakeme usullerinin benimsendiği incelenmektedir. Aynı zamanda ictihadın birincil kaynaklara, yani Kur’an ve Sünnet’e dönülerek mi yoksa klasik İslam hukuk bilimi içerisinde var olan hukuki görüşlerden seçmek suretiyle mi yapıldığı analiz edilmektedir. Son olarak klasik İslam hukuk teorisi (fıkıh usûlü) kuralları ve prensiplerinin ne derece itibar gördüğü ve bunların günümüzde ictihad vasıtasıyla gerçekleştirilen reformlarda ne derece takip edildiği araştırılmaktadır. Tezin ana odak noktasını modern Müslüman-çoğunluklu ülkelerde İslam hukukunun en yaygın uygulanan yönü olması sebebiyle aile hukuku teşkil etmektedir. 2004 Fas Aile Kanunu reformlarıictihada dayanılarak uygulamaya konduğundan dolayı özellikle incelenmiştir. Tezin ana argümanı ictihadkavramının klasik ana akımdaki anlayıştan tanım, kapsam ve ictihadetme yetkisi açısından farklılık gösterse de modern dönemdeki ictihadkavramsallaştırmaları ve uygulamalarının İslam hukuku içerisinde yer alması gerektiğidir. Nitekim kavramsal bir analiz yapıldığında özellikle tarihi bağlamın sosyo-politik değişikliklerinin zemin hazırladığı çeşitli ictihadanlayışlarının ve uygulamalarının İslam hukuk tarihi içerisinde var olduğu görülmektedir. Modern dönem ictihaduygulamalarına bakıldığında çoğunun genel olarak klasik İslam hukuk teorisinin detaylı kural ve prensiplerini sıkı bir şekilde takip etmediği görülmektedir. Bununla birlikte bu uygulamalar hukuki temellendirmelerden mahrum değildir ve bazıları klasik İslam hukuk bilimi içerisinde kaynağını bulabilmektedir. Dahası bu uygulamalar iptidai de olsa meşru bir teorik çerçeve sunmaktadır.
Yavuz Altıntaş, Miyase. İctihadın Modern Müslüman-Çoğunluklu Ülkelerin Aile Hukuku Reformlarındaki Rolü: Fas Örneği. Doktora Tezi, SOAS Londra Üniversitesi, Hukuk ve Sosyal Bilimler Fakültesi Hukuk ...Anabilim Dalı, İngiltere, 2018. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı ictihadın modern dönemdeki kavramsallaştırma ve hukuki temellendirmelerini analiz ederek İslam hukukunun modern Müslüman-çoğunluklu ülkelerde uygulanmasındaki rolünü araştırmaktır. Bu araştırmada ictihadın hukuk reformlarında neden ve nasıl kullanıldığı meselesinin yanı sıra uygulama esnasında hangi motivasyonlar, teknikler, formlar ve muhakeme usullerinin benimsendiği incelenmektedir. Aynı zamanda ictihadın birincil kaynaklara, yani Kur’an ve Sünnet’e dönülerek mi yoksa klasik İslam hukuk bilimi içerisinde var olan hukuki görüşlerden seçmek suretiyle mi yapıldığı analiz edilmektedir. Son olarak klasik İslam hukuk teorisi (fıkıh usûlü) kuralları ve prensiplerinin ne derece itibar gördüğü ve bunların günümüzde ictihad vasıtasıyla gerçekleştirilen reformlarda ne derece takip edildiği araştırılmaktadır. Tezin ana odak noktasını modern Müslüman-çoğunluklu ülkelerde İslam hukukunun en yaygın uygulanan yönü olması sebebiyle aile hukuku teşkil etmektedir. 2004 Fas Aile Kanunu reformlarıictihada dayanılarak uygulamaya konduğundan dolayı özellikle incelenmiştir. Tezin ana argümanı ictihadkavramının klasik ana akımdaki anlayıştan tanım, kapsam ve ictihadetme yetkisi açısından farklılık gösterse de modern dönemdeki ictihadkavramsallaştırmaları ve uygulamalarının İslam hukuku içerisinde yer alması gerektiğidir. Nitekim kavramsal bir analiz yapıldığında özellikle tarihi bağlamın sosyo-politik değişikliklerinin zemin hazırladığı çeşitli ictihadanlayışlarının ve uygulamalarının İslam hukuk tarihi içerisinde var olduğu görülmektedir. Modern dönem ictihaduygulamalarına bakıldığında çoğunun genel olarak klasik İslam hukuk teorisinin detaylı kural ve prensiplerini sıkı bir şekilde takip etmediği görülmektedir. Bununla birlikte bu uygulamalar hukuki temellendirmelerden mahrum değildir ve bazıları klasik İslam hukuk bilimi içerisinde kaynağını bulabilmektedir. Dahası bu uygulamalar iptidai de olsa meşru bir teorik çerçeve sunmaktadır.