Yavuz Altıntaş, Miyase. İctihadın Modern Müslüman-Çoğunluklu Ülkelerin Aile Hukuku Reformlarındaki Rolü: Fas Örneği. Doktora Tezi, SOAS Londra Üniversitesi, Hukuk ve Sosyal Bilimler Fakültesi Hukuk ...Anabilim Dalı, İngiltere, 2018. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı ictihadın modern dönemdeki kavramsallaştırma ve hukuki temellendirmelerini analiz ederek İslam hukukunun modern Müslüman-çoğunluklu ülkelerde uygulanmasındaki rolünü araştırmaktır. Bu araştırmada ictihadın hukuk reformlarında neden ve nasıl kullanıldığı meselesinin yanı sıra uygulama esnasında hangi motivasyonlar, teknikler, formlar ve muhakeme usullerinin benimsendiği incelenmektedir. Aynı zamanda ictihadın birincil kaynaklara, yani Kur’an ve Sünnet’e dönülerek mi yoksa klasik İslam hukuk bilimi içerisinde var olan hukuki görüşlerden seçmek suretiyle mi yapıldığı analiz edilmektedir. Son olarak klasik İslam hukuk teorisi (fıkıh usûlü) kuralları ve prensiplerinin ne derece itibar gördüğü ve bunların günümüzde ictihad vasıtasıyla gerçekleştirilen reformlarda ne derece takip edildiği araştırılmaktadır. Tezin ana odak noktasını modern Müslüman-çoğunluklu ülkelerde İslam hukukunun en yaygın uygulanan yönü olması sebebiyle aile hukuku teşkil etmektedir. 2004 Fas Aile Kanunu reformlarıictihada dayanılarak uygulamaya konduğundan dolayı özellikle incelenmiştir. Tezin ana argümanı ictihadkavramının klasik ana akımdaki anlayıştan tanım, kapsam ve ictihadetme yetkisi açısından farklılık gösterse de modern dönemdeki ictihadkavramsallaştırmaları ve uygulamalarının İslam hukuku içerisinde yer alması gerektiğidir. Nitekim kavramsal bir analiz yapıldığında özellikle tarihi bağlamın sosyo-politik değişikliklerinin zemin hazırladığı çeşitli ictihadanlayışlarının ve uygulamalarının İslam hukuk tarihi içerisinde var olduğu görülmektedir. Modern dönem ictihaduygulamalarına bakıldığında çoğunun genel olarak klasik İslam hukuk teorisinin detaylı kural ve prensiplerini sıkı bir şekilde takip etmediği görülmektedir. Bununla birlikte bu uygulamalar hukuki temellendirmelerden mahrum değildir ve bazıları klasik İslam hukuk bilimi içerisinde kaynağını bulabilmektedir. Dahası bu uygulamalar iptidai de olsa meşru bir teorik çerçeve sunmaktadır.
Yavuz Altıntaş, Miyase. İctihadın Modern Müslüman-Çoğunluklu Ülkelerin Aile Hukuku Reformlarındaki Rolü: Fas Örneği. Doktora Tezi, SOAS Londra Üniversitesi, Hukuk ve Sosyal Bilimler Fakültesi Hukuk ...Anabilim Dalı, İngiltere, 2018. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı ictihadın modern dönemdeki kavramsallaştırma ve hukuki temellendirmelerini analiz ederek İslam hukukunun modern Müslüman-çoğunluklu ülkelerde uygulanmasındaki rolünü araştırmaktır. Bu araştırmada ictihadın hukuk reformlarında neden ve nasıl kullanıldığı meselesinin yanı sıra uygulama esnasında hangi motivasyonlar, teknikler, formlar ve muhakeme usullerinin benimsendiği incelenmektedir. Aynı zamanda ictihadın birincil kaynaklara, yani Kur’an ve Sünnet’e dönülerek mi yoksa klasik İslam hukuk bilimi içerisinde var olan hukuki görüşlerden seçmek suretiyle mi yapıldığı analiz edilmektedir. Son olarak klasik İslam hukuk teorisi (fıkıh usûlü) kuralları ve prensiplerinin ne derece itibar gördüğü ve bunların günümüzde ictihad vasıtasıyla gerçekleştirilen reformlarda ne derece takip edildiği araştırılmaktadır. Tezin ana odak noktasını modern Müslüman-çoğunluklu ülkelerde İslam hukukunun en yaygın uygulanan yönü olması sebebiyle aile hukuku teşkil etmektedir. 2004 Fas Aile Kanunu reformlarıictihada dayanılarak uygulamaya konduğundan dolayı özellikle incelenmiştir. Tezin ana argümanı ictihadkavramının klasik ana akımdaki anlayıştan tanım, kapsam ve ictihadetme yetkisi açısından farklılık gösterse de modern dönemdeki ictihadkavramsallaştırmaları ve uygulamalarının İslam hukuku içerisinde yer alması gerektiğidir. Nitekim kavramsal bir analiz yapıldığında özellikle tarihi bağlamın sosyo-politik değişikliklerinin zemin hazırladığı çeşitli ictihadanlayışlarının ve uygulamalarının İslam hukuk tarihi içerisinde var olduğu görülmektedir. Modern dönem ictihaduygulamalarına bakıldığında çoğunun genel olarak klasik İslam hukuk teorisinin detaylı kural ve prensiplerini sıkı bir şekilde takip etmediği görülmektedir. Bununla birlikte bu uygulamalar hukuki temellendirmelerden mahrum değildir ve bazıları klasik İslam hukuk bilimi içerisinde kaynağını bulabilmektedir. Dahası bu uygulamalar iptidai de olsa meşru bir teorik çerçeve sunmaktadır.
This paper analyzes how electoral incentives affected the performance of a major decentralized conditional cash transfer program intended on reducing school dropout rates among children of poor ...households in Brazil. We show that while this federal program successfully reduced school dropout by 8 percentage points, the program's impact was 36% larger in municipalities governed by mayors who faced reelection possibilities compared to those with lame-duck mayors. First-term mayors with good program performance were much more likely to be reelected. These mayors adopted program implementation practices that were not only more transparent but also associated with better program outcomes.
Atmospheric pressure perturbations from the 2004 Sumatra‐Andaman earthquake (Mw = 9.2) were observed by sensitive microbarographs at several global stations. Among these observations, very ...low‐frequency acoustic‐gravity waves (∼1.4–2.8 mHz) with a group velocity around 300–314 m/s and amplitudes ranging between ∼1 and 12 Pa can be clearly identified through data processing at four stations on the Japanese Islands and also at four International Monitoring System (IMS) stations around the Indian Ocean. Assuming several seismic source parameters for this great thrust earthquake, we produce synthetic barograms using a realistic thermal structure in the atmosphere up to an altitude of 220 km. For this modeling, we incorporate the source dimensions in different zones, the expanding velocity of the source region, the vertical displacements of uplift and subsidence, and their time constants. Combinations of these source parameters provide synthetic waveforms consistent with the general features of the observed low‐frequency records. The results clearly indicate that the recorded waves may have been generated by large‐scale coseismic uplift and subsidence of the sea bottom and associated swelling and depression of the sea surface over the source region extending for 1500 km. The uplift in the south‐central zone of the Andaman‐Nicobar regions may be substantially larger than in the other zones. The time constant of the coseimic vertical deformation is found to be in the range of 1.0–1.5 min, which may correspond to the time elapsed shortly before the generation of tsunami waves.
Seven deep seismic reflection profiles cover the 3000 km-long subduction system from Andaman to Southern Sumatra, including zones that ruptured in 2004, 2007, and 2010. We find that (1) the frontal ...zone is characterized by a series of thrusts bounding folded blocks of sediments with preserved layering, showing a northward transition from dominantly seaward vergence of the frontal thrusts to dominantly landward vergence of the frontal thrusts, (2) the accretionary wedge is characterized by poor reflection of the seismic energy likely to be due to a high degree of faulting and compaction of the sediments, and (3) the oceanic crust is highly disturbed by faults and topographic reliefs along most of the margin. Landward vergence at the deformation front is associated with a thick incoming sediment section. The segment of the subduction zone where landward vergence is observed corresponds to an area with high near-trench slip during the December 2004 earthquake, the main tsunami source, and lies just west of the hypocenters of several intraplate events (Mw>7) in the years following the 2004 event.
•Variations in frontal thrust fault vergence along Sumatra–Andaman subduction zone.•Landward vergence of frontal thrust associated with thick incoming sediment section.•Creation of decollement at boundary between pelagic and thick turbiditic sediments.•Decollement provides surface to accommodate coseismic displacement close to trench.•Coseismic displacement near trench affects tsunamigenesis and intraplate seismicity.
We analyze the early aftershock activity of the 2004 mid-Niigata earthquake, using both earthquake catalog data and continuous waveform recordings. The frequency-magnitude distribution analysis of ...the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) catalog shows that the magnitude of completeness of the aftershocks changes from values around 5.0, immediately after the main shock, to about 1.8, 12 hours later. Such a large incompleteness of early events can bias significantly the estimation of aftershock rates. To better determine the temporal pattern of aftershocks in the first minutes after the Niigata earthquake, we analyze the continuous seismograms recorded at six High Sensitivity Seismograph Network (Hi-Net) stations located close to the aftershock distribution. Clear aftershocks can be seen from about 35 s after the main shock. We estimate that the events we picked on the waveforms recorded at two seismic stations (NGOH and YNTH) situated on opposite sides of the aftershock distribution are complete above a threshold magnitude of 3.4. The c value determined by taking these events into account is about 0.003 days (4.3 min). Statistical tests demonstrate that a small, but nonzero, c value is a reliable result. We also analyze the decay with time of the moment release rates of the aftershocks in the JMA catalog, since these rates should be much less influenced by the missing small events. The moment rates follow a power law time dependence from few minutes to months after the main shock. We finally show that the rate-and-state dependent friction law or stress corrosion could explain well our findings.
The pathological grading system for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer is based on the WHO 2004/2016 classification system (low-grade: LG/high-grade: HG) and the WHO 1973 classification system (Grade ...1: G1/Grade 2: G2/Grade 3: G3). Recently, the usefulness of combining both systems and classifying the tumors as LG/G1, LG/G2, HG/G2, and HG/G3 has been demonstrated. In this study, we compared the prognosis of intravesical recurrence in relation to different treatment intensities between HG/G2 and HG/G3 bladder cancers.
We retrospectively evaluated the clinical and therapeutic outcomes of 145 patients diagnosed with T1 HG bladder cancer between 2000 and 2020. We classified 145 patients into three groups: (1) patients with T1 HG/G2 and HG/G3 who received intravesical instillation therapy (n = 76), (2) patients with T1 HG/G2 who did not receive intravesical instillation therapy (n = 32), and (3) patients with T1 HG/G3 who did not receive intravesical instillation therapy (n = 37).
The median intravesical recurrence-free survival for all patients was 34.2 months. The number of tumors, the presence of intravesical instillation therapy, and tumor grade were significant prognostic factors for intravesical recurrence in all cases. Groups 2 and 3 showed significantly worse prognosis than group 1 in the multivariate analysis.
Regarding intravesical recurrence, intravesical instillation therapy is necessary for both T1 HG/G3 and T1 HG/G2 bladder cancers.
In this study, the gravity changes observed by GRACE satellites along with the deformation field determined from GPS velocity vectors are used to estimate the fault parameters of 2004 Sumatra-Andaman ...Earthquake (SAE) by the inversion of PSGRN/PSCMP dislocation model. To do so, the co-seismic gravity changes are determined by fitting a time-series function to the GRACE monthly gravity fields and the effects of hydrology are suppressed with the aid of Global Land Data Assimilation (GLDAS) model. To increase the accuracy of inversion process, the GPS observed co-seismic and post-seismic displacements from 90 stations scattered across the deformed area are also used to constrain the inversion algorithm.
The inversion is performed via the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method that minimizes the error between the model-predicted and observed deformation and gravity changes. To this end, the PSGRN/PSMCP dislocation model predicts the deformation and gravity changes for each candidate fault in the PSO iterative process. It is shown that the joint use of the GPS and GRACE data in determination of focal mechanism, results in a fault model that is better consistent with the geometry of the existing subduction zone compared to the inverted fault using only GPS or GRACE data. Due to the complex geometry of the Sunda Trench, a discretized rectangular fault system is considered that allows the depth, slip, strike angle and dip angle vary between the sub-faults. In fact, the estimated fault model consists of 100 sub-faults with a total moment magnitude of Mw = 9.23 that matches the curved geometry of the Sunda Trench. The fault model reveals that the slip has a greater magnitude in segments near the northern Sumatra and Nicobar islands while for the segments of the fault, near the Andaman Islands, the slip is relatively smaller and has its greater magnitudes at depth. The depths and dip angles of the estimated fault model are compared to the SLAB2 3D geometry provided for the Sumatra and Java subduction zones and through this comparison, the RMSEs of 6.0 km for the depth and 3.1 ° for the dip angle are obtained.
The December 26, 2004 tsunami was perhaps the most devastating tsunami in recorded history, causing over 200,000 fatalities and widespread destruction in countries bordering the Indian Ocean. It was ...generated by the third largest earthquake on record
(
Mw
=9.1–9.3)
and was a truly global event, with significant wave action felt around the world. Many measurements of this event were made with seismometers, tide gauges, global positioning system stations, and a few satellite overpasses. There were numerous eyewitness observations and video digital recordings of coastal tsunami impact, as well as subsequent coastal field surveys of runup and flooding. A few ship-based expeditions also took place in the months following the event, to measure and map seafloor disturbances in the epicenter area. Based on these various data sets, recent seismic analysis estimates of rupture propagation speed, and other seismological and geological constraints, we develop a calibrated tsunami source, in terms of coseismic seafloor displacement and rupture timing along
1,200
km
of the Andaman–Sunda trench. This source is used to build a numerical model of tsunami generation, propagation, and coastal flooding for the December 26, 2004 event. Frequency dispersion effects having been identified in the deep water tsunami wavetrain, we simulate tsunami propagation and coastal impact with a fully nonlinear and dispersive Boussinesq model (FUNWAVE). The tsunami source is specified in this model as a series of discrete, properly parameterized, dislocation source segments Okada, 1985, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 75(4), 1135–1154, triggered in a time sequence spanning about
1,200
s
. ETOPO2’s bottom bathymetry and land topography are specified in the modeled ocean basin, supplemented by more accurate and denser data in selected coastal areas (e.g., Thailand). A
1
min
grid is used for tsunami simulations over the Indian Ocean basin, which is fine enough to model tsunami generation and propagation to nearshore areas. Surface elevations simulated in the model agree well, in both amplitude and timing, with measurements at tide gauges, one satellite transect, and ranges of runup values. These results validate our tsunami source and simulations of the December 26, 2004 event and indicate these can be used to conduct more detailed case studies, for specific coastal areas. In fact, part of the development of our proposed source already benefitted from such regional simulations performed on a finer grid
(15
s)
, as part of a Thailand case study, in which higher frequency waves could be modeled (Ioualalen et al. 2007, J. Geophys. Res., 122, C07024). Finally, by running a non-dispersive version of FUNWAVE, we estimate dispersive effects on maximum deep water elevations to be more than 20% in some areas. We believe that work such as this, in which we achieve a better understanding through modeling of the catastrophic December 26, 2004 event, will help the scientific community better predict and mitigate any such future disaster. This will be achieved through a combination of forecasting models with adequate warning systems, and proper education of the local populations. Such work must be urgently done in light of the certitude that large, potentially tsunamogenic, earthquakes occur along all similar megathrust faults, with a periodicity of a few centuries.
PDF
