A surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)‐assisted 3D barcode chip has been developed for high‐throughput biosensing. The 3D barcode is realized through joint 2D spatial encoding with the Raman ...spectroscopic encoding, which stores the SERS fingerprint information in the format of a 2D array. Here, the concept of SERS‐assisted 3D barcode is demonstrated through multiplex immunoassay, where simultaneous detection of multiple targets in different samples has been achieved using a microfluidic platform. First, multiple proteins in different samples are spatially separated using a microfluidic patterned antibody barcode substrate, forming a 2D hybridization array. Then the SERS probes are used to identify and quantify the proteins. As different SERS probes are labeled with different Raman reporters, they could be employed as “SERS tags” to incorporate spectroscopic information into the 3D barcode. In this 3D barcode, the 2D spatial information helps to differentiate the samples and targets while the SERS information allows quantitative multiplex detection. It is found that the SERS‐assisted 3D barcode chip can not only accomplish one‐step multiplex detection within 30 min but also achieve an ultrasensitivity down to 10 fg mL−1 (≈70 aM), which is expected to provide a promising tool for high‐throughput biomedical applications.
A surface‐enhanced Raman scattering‐assisted 3D barcode chip is developed for high‐throughput biosensing. The 3D barcode stores all the detection results for multiplex bioanalysis, including the sample sequence number and the concentration of different targets in each sample. This platform provides a rapid, sensitive, and automated tool for future biomedical applications.
Two major Jewish risings against Rome took place in the years following the destruction of Jerusalem - the first during Trajan's Parthian war, and the second, led by Bar Kokhba, under Hadrian's ...principate. The impact of these risings not only on Judaea, but also on Cyrene, Egypt, Cyprus and Mesopotamia, is shown by accounts in both ancient Jewish and non-Jewish literature. More recently discovered sources include letters and documents from fighters and refugees, and inscriptions attesting war and restoration. Historical evaluation has veered between regret for a pointless bloodbath and admiration for sustained resistance. William Horbury offers a new history of these risings, presenting a fresh review of sources and interpretations. He explores the period of Jewish war under Trajan and Hadrian not just as the end of an era, but also as a time of continuity in Jewish life and development in Jewish and Christian origins.
Australia’s monsoonal (seasonal) tropics are a global centre of ant diversity, but are largely unrecognised as such because the vast majority of its species are undescribed. Here we document another ...case of undescribed hyper-diversity within a taxon that is formally recognised as a single, widespread species, Meranoplus ajax Forel. We recognise 50 species among 125 specimens of M. ‘ajax’ that we CO1-barcoded, integrating CO1 clustering and divergence, morphological differentiation and geographic distribution. A large proportion (44%) of these species are represented by single records, indicating that very many additional species are yet to be collected in this extremely remote and sparsely populated region. Sampling has been concentrated in the Northern Territory, where 27 of the 50 species occur. If diversity in Western Australia and Queensland were similar to that in the Northern Territory, as appears likely, then the M. ajax complex would comprise >100 species. In 2000, when Australia’s monsoonal ant fauna was estimated to contain 1500 species, Meranoplus ajax was considered to represent a single species. Our previous analyses of a range of other taxa have shown that their diversity has been similarly under-appreciated in this estimate. Our findings suggest that the total number of ant species in monsoonal Australia is several thousand, which would make the region by far the world’s richest known.
The legendary overland silk road was not the only way to reach Asia for ancient travelers from the Mediterranean. During the Roman Empire’s heyday, equally important maritime routes reached from the ...Egyptian Red Sea across the Indian Ocean. The ancient city of Berenike, located approximately 500 miles south of today’s Suez Canal, was a significant port among these conduits. In this book, Steven E. Sidebotham, the archaeologist who excavated Berenike, uncovers the role the city played in the regional, local, and “global” economies during the eight centuries of its existence. Sidebotham analyzes many of the artifacts, botanical and faunal remains, and hundreds of the texts he and his team found in excavations, providing a profoundly intimate glimpse of the people who lived, worked, and died in this emporium between the classical Mediterranean world and Asia.
The lime leaf miner Phyllonorycter issikii (Kumata) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) is an east Asian pest, which has recently distributed across the Palaearctic. Here, we provide the novel data on the ...diversity of its parasitoids in the Russian Far East (native region) and western Siberia (invaded region). Overall, 19 parasitoids from the Eulophidae (17 species) and Braconidae (2 species) reared from the Ph. issikii larvae and pupae were identified based on morphology and/or DNA barcoding. Among them, 12 species were detected in the Primorskiy Territory (Russian Far East) and 10 species in the Novosibirsk Province (Western Siberia), with only 3 shared species, namely Chrysocharis laomedon (Walker), Elachertus inunctus Nees and Sympiesis gordius (Walker). Pleurotroppopsis japonica (Kamijo) is a novel record for Russia, whereas the other eight eulophids are novel for the Novosibisk Province and two for the Primorskiy Territory. The eulophid Mischotetrastichus nadezhdae (Kostjukov) was recorded as a parasitoid of Ph. issikii for the first time. Four new species were described from the Primorskiy Territory: Achrysocharoides nagasawi sp. nov., A. carinatus sp. nov., Cirrospilus ussuriensis sp. nov., Pholetesor nataliae sp. nov. For all parasitoids, the distribution and hosts are listed; the majority of the species are illustrated. In addition, a checklist of the Ph. issikii parasitoids counting 79 species is compiled for the Palaearctic region.
•New SIF solutions in round bar with circumferential crack under tension are provided.•The role of stress concentration produced by a notch in the SIF solution is analyzed.•The important effect of ...the proximity to a free surface is emphasized.•The new concept of a characteristic relative crack depth is established.
This paper analyzes the influence of the presence of notches on the stress intensity factor (SIF) of round bars with circumferential cracks subjected to tension loading. The finite element method (FEM) together with the computation of the J-integral were used to calculate the SIF in both the circumferentially-cracked round bar (CCRB) and the circumferentially-cracked round notched bar (CCRNB). Results show how the SIF in notched bars (CCRNB) converges to that associated with unnotched bars (CCRB) as the depth of the circumferential (annular) crack increases (thus making the presence of the notch more negligible). Both SIF values (for notched and unnotched specimens) approach each other more quickly (faster convergence) when the notch depth is lower and the notch radius is smaller, so that a characteristic relative crack depth can be defined (depending on both parameters) from which the SIF of the notched bar is that corresponding to a smooth (unnotched) bar. In addition, the SIF was also calculated in similar geometries with a cylindrical hole, i.e. circumferentially-cracked round bar with a cylindrical hole (CCRBch) and circumferentially-cracked round notched bar with a cylindrical hole (CCRNBch), showing a more important effect in the case of deeper cracks and a negligible influence in the matter of the characteristic relative crack depth.
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