Abstract
This article offers a new explanation of the origins of imperial reform in the eighteenth-century British Atlantic. It does so by arguing that the efforts of Gaelic Jacobites in Ireland and ...Scotland, along with those of Native diplomats in North America, should be viewed as similar attempts to reshape the British empire by recourse to the French—and that in the period 1745–8 these attempts bore fruit. By comparing the efforts of imperial officials to cope with the Jacobite rising of 1745 and their failures in Indian diplomacy during the same period, the article posits the existence of an ‘Atlantic ’45’, a shared crisis of diversity that prompted calls for imperial reform and shaped the way it played out in Scotland, North America and Ireland. As they struggled to repress the rebellion and win over Indian allies, imperial officials found that they could not gain control of Gaelic and Indian peoples without also gaining more control over their provincial subjects, an insight that lay at the heart of reform thinking for the rest of the century and put the empire on a collision course with provincial subjects’ sense of what it meant to be British. By acknowledging the centrality of diversity and the important contributions of Gaelic and Indian peoples, the article offers a new way of understanding imperial reform and revolution, one that includes a richer and more complex cast and gives more purchase on the different trajectories of Ireland, Scotland, and North America both within and outside empire.
Previous studies of the genetic landscape of Ireland have suggested homogeneity, with population substructure undetectable using single-marker methods. Here we have harnessed the haplotype-based ...method fineSTRUCTURE in an Irish genome-wide SNP dataset, identifying 23 discrete genetic clusters which segregate with geographical provenance. Cluster diversity is pronounced in the west of Ireland but reduced in the east where older structure has been eroded by historical migrations. Accordingly, when populations from the neighbouring island of Britain are included, a west-east cline of Celtic-British ancestry is revealed along with a particularly striking correlation between haplotypes and geography across both islands. A strong relationship is revealed between subsets of Northern Irish and Scottish populations, where discordant genetic and geographic affinities reflect major migrations in recent centuries. Additionally, Irish genetic proximity of all Scottish samples likely reflects older strata of communication across the narrowest inter-island crossing. Using GLOBETROTTER we detected Irish admixture signals from Britain and Europe and estimated dates for events consistent with the historical migrations of the Norse-Vikings, the Anglo-Normans and the British Plantations. The influence of the former is greater than previously estimated from Y chromosome haplotypes. In all, we paint a new picture of the genetic landscape of Ireland, revealing structure which should be considered in the design of studies examining rare genetic variation and its association with traits.
Objectives
The presence of a gendered subdivision of labor has been bioarchaeologically investigated in various prehistoric and historical contexts. Little is known, however, about the type of ...differences in daily activities characterizing men and women among the Celtic communities of Italy. The focus of the present study is the analysis of differences in patterns of entheseal changes (ECs) and long bone shape and robusticity between sexes among the Cenomani Gauls of Seminario Vescovile (SV—Verona, Italy, third–first century BC).
Materials and Methods
The sample includes 56 adult individuals (22 females and 34 males). Presence of ECs on nine bilateral postcranial attachment sites, and values of humeral and femoral shape and robusticity indices based on external measurements were compared between sexes by means of generalized linear models and Mann–Whitney tests.
Results
Results show a lack of difference between sexes in long bone shape and robusticity, and a higher incidence of upper and, especially, lower limb ECs in males.
Discussion
These results suggest the presence of sex‐specific activities at SV mostly related to farming and differently influencing the considered variables. Also, this study suggests the relevance of a series of nonbiomechanical factors (developmental, hormonal, genetic, and methodological) when attempting biocultural reconstructions from osteoarchaeological samples.
The present paper wants to bring to the attention of researchers, who have as subject of study the material remains of the Iron Age communities from Transylvania, some objects kept in the collections ...of the Gherla History Museum (Cluj County). Therefore, in the centre of this paper are three objects – a bent sword, a slashing knife and a horse bit – that were part of the museum’s permanent exhibition, but they did not attract so far the attention of any researcher. In the present state of research, no details are known regarding the date, the exact location and the context of discovery. The Register of Inventory only records the fact that the pieces were discovered in the area of the city of Gherla. The biggest concern about these objects is whether they were discovered together or are coming from two or three different contexts.
The purpose of the article is to reveal to which extent the Iron Age Celtic art visualized the metanarrative of the Celtic religion. The methodology is based on the applying of structural and ...semiotic approaches to the symbols and representations of the Celtic art, which are viewed as components of much more complicated system: the religious and mythological beliefs of the Iron Age Celts. Scientific novelty. The author puts forward an idea that the Early La Tиne, Waldalgesheim and Plastic art styles were closely connected to the Celtic beliefs in the afterlife and supranatural powers. Conclusions. The La Tиne decorated weapons, drinking vessels and personal ornaments were produced by the artisans who were closely connected to the priesthood. Such artifacts were used as apothropei in the highly ritualized spheres of social life such as war, banquet and burial rite. The author notes that the decline of the Plastic art style was simultaneous with the transformations of the Celtic burial rite which caused the disappearance of the burials during the late La Tиne period.
Ever since its incorporation in UK law, the European Convention on Human Rights has attracted hostile press reporting. This study examines how the Human Rights Act, the Convention's UK domestic ...equivalent, is represented in newspapers in the devolved nations. Its main finding is that, over time, the press there has become more supportive of the Act, deviating from the editorial line adopted by many English national titles. European human rights act as a conduit of the devolved nations' belonging as European nations, making it a potentially important issue in the re-imagining of national identity in the era of devolution.
How did the later medieval kings of Scotland manipulate their power and alliances after the Wars of Independence?
Power and Propagandais a thematic reflection on the political history of late ...medieval Scotland, that considers the ways in which power was expressed and renegotiated during a crucial period in the kingdom's history. It deals with themes including the nature of the power enjoyed by kings, how that power was maintained and how it was deployed; the interpersonal relations and struggles between kings and the elites within their kingdoms; and, the structures of governance through which power operated and was felt down to a local level.
Late medieval Scotland is especially fertile ground for an examination of all of these themes as two new dynasties - the Bruces and the Stewarts - were faced with the challenge of establishing their own legitimacy and authority.
Key FeaturesAn introduction to a period in history dominated by national identity and independence from English sovereigntyExpert assessment of the period arranged in thematic chaptersGives fresh insights into the period that draw on a wide range of sourcesExtensive further reading lists
Ancient texts described that one of the most impressive ritual practices of the Celts during the Iron Age was to remove the heads of enemies killed in battle and to embalm them for display in front ...of the victors dwellings. An archaeological settlement excavation site in Le Cailar, in southern France, has revealed a considerable number of examples of this practice. It was documented by Classical authors and later by the archaeological recording of iconographic representations and skeletal remains of human heads. Weapons were also exhibited alongside the severed heads. Here we report the results of chemical investigations for the characterization of the biomarkers of embalming that are likely to be present in eleven fragments of these human cranial remains. These results may lead to answers to some of the archaeometric questions related to the subject of embalming in 3rd century BC Transalpine Gaul, thus advancing the knowledge of these ritual practices, documented by Greek Classical authors as part of the wider research into the proto-historic societies of the Mediterranean coastal region.
This paper examines the potential of the craft beer sector as a regional development lever. Focusing on three culturally linked but politically distinct small nations, Wales, Scotland and Ireland, it ...takes a historical journey from the inception of this sector to the present day. Discussion focuses on highlighting the complex interactions between brewing, society, policy and economy. We review current policy and sectoral realities for our Celtic context and propose a grounded and holistic vision of regional craft-brewing policies, particularly around more circular and zero-waste ecosystems.
This article considers the world-famous rivalry between two Scottish based football clubs, Rangers and Celtic. It reflects on dominant representations of the origins, evolution and meaningfulness of ...this clash. A critical reading of these representations demonstrates they largely ignore or simplify the significance of history for this contest. This study contends that recognising the importance of aspects of Scottish/British imperialism especially contributes to a more informed understanding of these totemic clubs' foundations, heritages and supporter enmities and throws light on contemporary postcolonial socio-cultural and political identities in Scotland generally. Scrutinising both football commentary and contemporary artistic representations of past imperialist endeavours - in particular, the Great Tapestry of Scotland and Black Watch
- contributes to a better understanding not only of this sporting rivalry but also to how Scotland's role as junior partner with England in the British Empire project, particularly in relation to Ireland, is remembered, contested, overlooked or celebrated in contemporary Scottish society.
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