The inter-domain routing system plays a crucial role in ensuring the security of the Internet. Identifying and safe-guarding key nodes within the inter-domain routing network is essential to maintain ...its security and stability. Currently, existing methods for identifying key nodes in the inter-domain routing network fail to strike the optimal balance between node accuracy and speed. Moreover, almost all machine learning-based methods for identifying key nodes require supervised learning, which is not well-suited for accurately defining labels in inter-domain routing networks. A novel approach, KNI-DRL, is proposed in this paper to address the aforementioned issues by identifying key nodes in inter-domain routing networks. The fundamental concept of this approach involves the utilization of an unsupervised deep reinforcement learning model, which can be trained purely on small synthetic networks and then applied to large-scale node inter-domain routing networks. Effective path change is proposed as a reward function to evaluate the importance of nodes in the inter-domain routing network based on their business relations and routing rules. Experiments conducted on inter-domain routing networks of varying scales have demonstrated that KNI-DRL achieves an average node identification accuracy of 80%. In an inter-domain routing network comprising over 10,000 nodes, this method can accomplish the evaluation within a mere 5 seconds, which is nearly 1/40 of the speed of the current optimal method.
Relations between Libya and the West in general, and with the members of the European Union, in particular, have always been ambivalent and tense. Libya's foreign policy, founded on radical Arab ...nationalism, its support for revolutionary and terrorist movements across the globe, as well as its relentless opposition to 'United States imperialism', resulted in costly enmities. Qaddafi's erratic and atypical behaviour caused suspicions regarding the intentions of the country often accused of being a sponsor of state terrorism. Worse still, the Lockerbie (1988) and the UTA (1989) bombings resulted in severe and quite costly sanctions imposed by the United Nations, the United States and the European countries, most of which had severed diplomatic relations with Libya in the late 1980s. Even if the unilateral sanctions the United States imposed upon Libya brought Europeans and Americans to loggerheads, especially as pertaining to commercial interactions, this did not allow Libya to break its international isolation. However, since 1999, relations between Libya and the Western world have undergone a remarkable turnaround. This article reviews the evolution of Libya's relations with the European countries and analyses the reasons which have allowed the recent enhancement of relations between the Jamahiriya and the northern neighbours. Commercial, energy, and security issues are among the main factors which elucidate these developments.
Pesquisas em temas internacionais têm ganhado significativa relevância em estudos acadêmicos. Desde o
fim do século passado, o Brasil vem passando por um processo de prospecção de novos mercados, o ...que
permite a empresas brasileiras buscarem novos mercados para transacionar, em diferentes quadros
institucionais. Dentro deste contexto, o presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar o processo de
internacionalização via mercado argentino da Brasil Sul Fitness. Observou-se que a decisão de entrar em
um mercado internacional pode comprometer muitos recursos da empresa, porém por outro lado traz a
possibilidade da mesma buscar novas oportunidades de transacionar além das fronteiras nacionais. Esta
decisão de entrar e permanecer no país hospedeiro pode variar de acordo com diversos quadros
institucionais encontrados
Research on international issues have acquired significant importance in academic studies. Since the end
of the last century, Brazil has been undergoing a process of exploring new markets, allowing local
companies to seek for new markets in different institutional frameworks. The purpose of this article is to
analyze the internationalization process of Brasil Sul Fitness inside the Argentinean market. It was observed
that the decision to reach an international market may undermine many resources of the firm, but on the
other hand it brings possibilities to seek for new opportunities of transactions beyond national borders. The
decision to enter and stay in a foreign country may vary according to different institutional frameworks
found.
Este artigo analisa as relações político-comerciais Brasil-África no governo Sarney, procurando demonstrar que as mudanças observadas no sistema internacional e na realidade doméstica afetaram ...diretamente a condução da política externa brasileira e, por conseqüência, a intensidade das relações do país com o continente africano.This article analyzes the politician-commercial relations Brazil-Africa in the government Sarney, looking for to demonstrate that the changes observed in the international system and the domestic reality had directly affected the conduction of external politics Brazilian e, for consequence, the intensity of the relations of the country with the African continent.
As is well known, China began a process of reforms three decades ago which has totally transformed its economy. The aim of this study is to orderly put forward the measures taken till the present ...moment, emphasizing the most recent changes. For that reason we will distinguish three stages in the reform process: the early reforms (from 1978 till the middle of the nineties), the nineties reforms and, finally, the measures taken after the accession of China to the World Trade Organization (WTO). PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
Esta investigación analiza los Principios Unidroit sobre los Contratos Comerciales Internacionales y su conveniencia en las relaciones comerciales internacionales, desde su formulación por el ...Instituto Internacional para la Unificación del Derecho Privado en 1994. Así mismo, se centra en la naturaleza jurídica, su aplicación como lex mercatoria, las disposiciones generales preceptuadas en 1994, la nueva formulación recientemente presentada en 2004 y la preeminencia que en ellos tienen las distintas expresiones de protección de la actividad comercial, además del tratamiento que reciben en la Convención Interamericana sobre Derecho Aplicable a los Contratos Internacionales y la particular regulación en el ordenamiento jurídico venezolano. En la metodología empleada se revisan fuentes documentales, y se realiza una investigación descriptiva de los textos consultados. Los planteamientos permiten afirmar que los Principios constituyen un valioso aporte como soluciones efectivas en los eventuales conflictos derivados de las relaciones comerciales internacionales. This investigation analyzes the Unidroit Principles on International Commercial Contracts and their convenience in the international commercial relations, since its formulation by the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT) in 1994. This study is centered in the legal nature, its application like lex mercatoria, the general rules printed in 1994, the new 2004 formulation recently happened and the preeminence of different expressions about commercial activity protection, in addition of their treatment in the Inter-American Convention of the Law applicable to international contracts and the particular regulation in the Venezuelan legal system. In the used methodology documentary sources are reviewed, and a descriptive investigation of consulted texts is made. The expositions allow to affirm that the Principles constitute a valuable contribution as effective solutions at the event of conflicts caused from the international commercial relations.
The peace treaty concluded between the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires at Zsitvatorok in 1606 was renewed by the pact made in Vienna on July 1, 1615. The 9th and 10th articles of the agreement laid down ...general guidelines for direct trade between the two empires. The Court Chamber in Prague required the Viennese and the German merchants living in Vienna to set forth their views about the possibilities of implementing the pact’s provisions. Headed by Lazarus Henckel, a most renown Viennese merchant, altogether 78 merchants from Nürnberg, Augsburg, Frankfurt, Sankt-Gallen, Prague, Breslau (Wrocław) defined their position. In their memorials, they laid special emphasis on the necessity of re-establishing the export-import trade between Vienna and the Ottoman territories by relying on the mediating activity of Hungarian traders. They did not deem it necessary to set up direct contacts with territories under Ottoman rule and they took a stand against Turkish merchants to be allowed to establish a market in Hainburg (Lower Austria).
À la différence d’autres régions du tiers monde où l’influence de la France a été déterminante et ininterrompue (Moyen-Orient, Maghreb, les anciennes colonies françaises en Afrique centrale ou encore ...d'autres pays de l’Amérique latine), au Venezuela, il n’y a eu de véritable politique étrangère de coopération culturelle qu’à la fin des années 1950. L'avènement du boom pétrolier pendant l'entre deux guerres a fait décliner l'influence française. À la fin de la Seconde guerre, les diplomates français prennent conscience du potentiel énergétique du Venezuela, observant qu’il est possible de remédier la perte de l’influence économique en encourageant une véritable coopération culturelle. Cette coopération culturelle va utiliser les réseaux politiques intégrés par des élites francophiles, lesquelles revendiquent une histoire commune à la France et au Venezuela. L'étude sur la longue durée permet d'observer les permanences de l'histoire politique vénézuélienne, dans lesquelles s'insèrent les éléments qui ont servi à la construction du sentiment national vénézuélien et les influences des idées françaises sur le projet de modernisation de l’État. Notre étude soulève des questions telles que l'émigration, les échanges et les relations commerciales. Nous nous sommes particulièrement intéressés à l’étude des correspondances diplomatiques car la lecture minutieuse de celles-ci permet de soulever, en filigrane, bon nombre d’éléments liés aux représentations et à l’histoire politique des deux pays. De même, elle permet d’approcher ce que les élites considèrent comme identité et affinité culturelle. Nos sources se rapportent donc, pour la plupart aux correspondances diplomatiques conservées aux archives de La Courneuve et au Ministère des Relations Extérieures à Caracas. Nous les avons croisées avec d’autres sources documentaires, visuelles et littéraires ainsi qu’avec un certain nombre d’entretiens réalisés entre la fin de l’année 2010 et le début de 2011. Notre étude s’inspire des travaux de Pierre Renouvin et Jean Baptiste Duroselle en histoire des relations internationales, revisités par Robert Frank en 2011. Nous prenons en considération le poids des images, de la culture officielle et du rayonnement des modèles culturels, dans le but de tenter de mesurer « la puissance » des États (soft power). En ce sens, la valeur que les élites vénézuéliennes donnent au rayonnement culturel et scientifique français, au XIXe et au début du XXe siècle (1870-1935), permet d’expliquer en partie pourquoi la France a réussi à renforcer sa présence au Venezuela. En effet, le déclin de l'influence culturelle française, à une époque où les relations entre les deux pays s’étaient considérablement distendues (1936-1960), est concomitant à la perte de son influence économique et commerciale. Cette évolution a donné lieu à l'institutionnalisation progressive de la stratégie de la diplomatie culturelle (1961 à nos jours). Grâce à cette stratégie la France a récupérée le terrain qu'elle avait perdu devant la concurrence commerciale anglo-saxonne. Nous avons souhaité répondre à deux questions fondamentales : dans quelle mesure les élites vénézuéliennes, « influencées » par le modèle culturel français, ont réussi à opérer des appropriations/assimilations/adaptations de ce modèle au Venezuela ? Et, en contrepartie, dans quelle mesure la construction d’un « outil culturel » franco-vénézuélien a servi les intérêts de la politique étrangère française au Venezuela ?
Unlike other regions of the Third World, where the influence of France was decisive and uninterrupted (Middle East, Maghreb, former French colonies in Central Africa and other countries of Latin America), in Venezuela, there was only a real foreign cultural cooperation policy by the late 1950s. The advent of the oil boom during the interwar period caused the declining of French influence. By the end of the Second World War, French diplomats were aware of Venezuela’s energetic potential, remarking that it was possible to overcome the loss of economic influence by encouraging a genuine cultural cooperation.This cultural cooperation would use political networks joined by Francophile elites, who claimed a common history between France and Venezuela. The study on the long run allows observing the permanence of the Venezuelan political history, in which fits the elements used in the construction of the Venezuelan National sentiment and the influence of French ideas on the project of State modernization.Our study raises issues such as migration, trades and commercial relations. We are particularly interested in the study of diplomatic relationships, since a close up over these can highlight, watermark, many points related to their representations and the political history of both countries. Similarly, it allows approaching what the elite considered identity and cultural affinity. Our sources therefore relate mostly to diplomatic correspondence preserved in the files of La Courneuve and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Caracas. We cross checked with other documentaries, visual and literary sources as well as a certain number of interviews conducted by the end of 2010 and the beginning of 2011. Our study is based on the papers related to the history of international relations by Pierre Renouvin and Jean Baptiste Duroselle, revisited by Robert Frank in 2011. We take into consideration the contribution of images, official culture and the influence of cultural patterns, as an attempt to measure the "power" of States (soft power). On this matter, the value that the Venezuelan elites gave to the French cultural and scientific influence, in the XIX century and the beginning of XX (1870-1935), helps to explain to an extend the reason why France has managed to strengthen its presence in Venezuela. Indeed, the decline of the French cultural influence, at a time when relations between the two countries were considerably distended (1936-1960), is concomitant with the loss of its economic and commercial influence. This has resulted in the progressive institutionalization of the culturaldiplomacy strategy (from 1961 up to the present). Thanks to this strategy France has recovered part of the market share lost to the Anglo-Saxon competition.We wanted to answer two fundamental questions: To what extent the Venezuelan elites, "influenced" by the French cultural model, managed to operate appropriations / assimilation / adaptation of this model in Venezuela? And, in return, to what extent the construction of a "cultural tool" Franco-Venezuelan has served the interests of the French foreign policy in Venezuela?
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