Since veal production has declined in the U.S., American veal producers are currently making efforts to implement new production standards to improve product quality and animal welfare. In this ...study, we hypothesized that diets containing brewery grains, starch and omega-3 fatty acids could lower a blood stress indicator and improve meat quality, mostly from a nutritional value stand point. Holstein bull calves with approximately 94.67 ± 12.07 kg of body weight and two months old were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatments. Diets were formulated with nonmedicated milk replacer, microbreweries spent grains, and a mineral mix (CONTROL); CONTROL + isolated maize starch (STARCH); and CONTROL +3% fish oil (OMEGA-3). Veal calves fed all three diets were heavier than calves of the same age from experiments reported in the existing literature. Dietary treatments did not affect carcass weights, pH, color, moisture, sensory attributes, volatile profile, and fat quality indexes. Calves fed STARCH and OMEGA-3 showed the lowest levels of blood cortisol. Veal fed CONTROL and OMEGA-3 had higher concentrations of ΣMUFA when compared with STARCH. Veal fed OMEGA-3 had the highest concentrations of EPA, DHA, and Σn-3. Veal from all treatments had very high concentrations of ΣMUFA, mostly driven by high levels of c-9 18:1 n-9 from the milk replacer. Feeding OMEGA-3 lowered blood cortisol and increased levels of EPA and DHA without harming sensory attributes. Overall, including brewery grains, starch and fish oil in liquid diets containing milk replacer can improve veal production.
Plasmid-encoded DHA-type AmpCs have been extensively reported in Enterobacterales. The expression of the genes encoding these plasmid-mediated enzymes are inducible and these enzymes are capable of ...conferring resistance to a wide spectrum of beta-lactams including penicillins and broad-spectrum cephalosporins. The identification of infections caused by AmpC-producing bacteria is a necessity, both for infection control/epidemiology purposes and to inform treatment choices. A common testing method for AmpC production in the clinical laboratory setting is to supplement Mueller-Hinton agar plates used for antibiotic disk diffusion with cloxacillin, a potent inhibitor of AmpC enzymes. Here we describe a novel DHA variant, produced by a clinical Escherichia coli isolate, which is resistant to cloxacillin inhibition.
In this study, a fatty acid dilution model was coupled with a dynamic nutrient demand model to provide an integrated model capable of predicting the whole-body and fillet lipid and fatty acid levels ...of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) following a change in dietary fatty acid profile. Based on knowledge of the initial fish and dietary fatty acid compositions, diet digestible energy density, the water temperature and duration of feeding, the model demonstrated that it was possible to predict a range of parameters, including the growth, feed utilisation, whole-body and fillet (Norwegian Quality Cut; NQC) total lipid, and fatty acid levels of the fish. The model was validated against five separate experiments, including two farm-based trials with harvest size fish. Validation experiments involved fish ranging in size (initial weights to final weights) from 138 g/fish to 5138 g/fish and running for durations of between 66 and 323 days. For the laboratory experiments, prediction of growth, feed utilisation and fatty acid deposition proved to be highly predictable (R2 > 0.998). Fatty acid profiles from both short and long-term cage trials were also highly predictable. Despite the reduced level of weight change in the short-term cage trial, and the higher variability that was observed in growth performance, the fatty acid deposition still showed high levels of correlation (R2 > 0.996), between the modelled and measured fatty acid levels in the fish fillet. Departure from linearity was more evident in the long-term cage trial, but correlation still exceeded R2 > 0.995 for all treatments. Prediction of whole-body and NQC total lipid levels was less accurate, with correlations being R2 = 0.962 and R2 = 0.909 respectively. Model outputs were generally more accurate with greater weight change and/or experiment duration. The outcome of this study shows that the model developed here provides a useful tool for the estimation of the fatty acid composition of Atlantic salmon following a change in dietary fatty acid composition. This could help assist in the more judicious use of dietary long-chain omega-3 fatty acids for commercial salmon farming.
Inconsistencies between Alzheimer’s disease (AD) clinical trials and prevention studies using omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation can be largely attributed to differences ...in age, environmental factors, genetic factors, baseline n-3/n-6 intake, and disease stage.Changes in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) brain uptake throughout AD progression are influenced by the apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE4) allele and lifestyle factors, such as DHA intake or exercise, and can be monitored by DHA positron emission tomography (PET) brain imaging.APOE4 carriers are more susceptible to blood–brain barrier dysfunction, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and fatty acid oxidation with aging compared to noncarriers.We hypothesize that increasing n-3 PUFA intake provides APOE4 carriers with the highest potential for protection against AD dementia when implemented early in life, many years before the onset of cognitive decline.During the AD dementia phase, alternative strategies targeting neuroinflammation and PUFA metabolism may offer potential benefits.
Omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have important roles in human nutrition and brain health by promoting neuronal functions, maintaining inflammatory homeostasis, and providing structural integrity. As Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology progresses, DHA metabolism in the brain becomes dysregulated, the timing and extent of which may be influenced by the apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE4) allele. Here, we discuss how maintaining adequate DHA intake early in life may slow the progression to AD dementia in cognitively normal individuals with APOE4, how recent advances in DHA brain imaging could offer insights leading to more personalized preventive strategies, and how alternative strategies targeting PUFA metabolism pathways may be more effective in mitigating disease progression in patients with existing AD dementia.
Omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have important roles in human nutrition and brain health by promoting neuronal functions, maintaining inflammatory homeostasis, and providing structural integrity. As Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology progresses, DHA metabolism in the brain becomes dysregulated, the timing and extent of which may be influenced by the apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE4) allele. Here, we discuss how maintaining adequate DHA intake early in life may slow the progression to AD dementia in cognitively normal individuals with APOE4, how recent advances in DHA brain imaging could offer insights leading to more personalized preventive strategies, and how alternative strategies targeting PUFA metabolism pathways may be more effective in mitigating disease progression in patients with existing AD dementia.
Changes in protein and lipid levels may occur in the Alzheimer’s disease brain, and DHA can have beneficial effects on it. To investigate the impact of DHA dietary intervention on brain protein and ...lipid profile in ApoE-/- mice and C57 mice.
Three-month-old ApoE-/- mice and C57 mice were randomly divided into two groups respectively, and fed with control diet and DHA-fortified diet for five months. Cortical TC, HDL-C and LDL-C levels and cholesterol metabolism-related protein expression were measured by ELISA or immunohistochemistry methods. Hippocampus were collected for proteomic and lipidomics analysis by LC-MS/MS and differential proteins and lipid metabolites were screened and further analyzed by GO functional annotation and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis.
DHA intervention decreased cortical TC level in both C57 and ApoE-/- mice (P < 0.05), but caused different change of cortical HDL-C, LDL-C level and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio in C57 and ApoE-/- mice (P < 0.05). Discrepant cortical and hippocampal LDLR, ABCG1, Lox1 and SORT1 protein expression was found between C57 and ApoE-/- mice (P < 0.05), and DHA treatment caused different changes of these proteins in C57 and ApoE-/- mice (P < 0.05). Differential hippocampal proteins and lipids profile were found in C57 and ApoE-/- mice before and after DHA treatment, which were mainly involved in vesicular transport and phospholipid metabolic pathways.
ApoE genetic defect caused abnormal cholesterol metabolism, and affected protein and lipid profile, as well as discrepant response of hippocampal protein and lipids profile in the brain of mice given DHA fortified diet intervention.
•C57 and ApoE-/- mice showed different protein and lipid profile in hippocampus•The hippocampal differential proteins in DHA-fed mice are mainly associated with vesicular transport.•DHA intervention caused change of hippocampal lipids profile, which mainly involved in the metabolism of glycerophospholipid.
Atlantic salmon were fed either a diet reflecting current commercial feeds with added oil supplied by a blend of fish oil and rapeseed oil (COM), or a diet formulated with oil from transgenic ...Camelina sativa containing 20% EPA + DHA (TCO). Salmon were grown from smolt to market size (>3 kg) in sea pens under semi-commercial conditions. There were no differences in growth, feed efficiency or survival between fish fed the TCO or COM diets at the end of the trial. Levels of EPA + DHA in flesh of salmon fed TCO were significantly higher than in fish fed COM. A 140 g fillet from TCO-fed salmon delivered 2.3 g of EPA + DHA, 67% of the weekly requirement level recommended by many health agencies, and 1.5-fold more than the 1.5 g of EPA + DHA for COM-fed fish. Oil from transgenic Camelina supported growth and improved the nutritional quality of farmed salmon in terms of increased “omega-3” supply for human consumers.
•GM Camelina oil supported growth of salmon up to market size in seawater pens.•GM Camelina oil increased the EPA + DHA content of flesh of market-size salmon.•A 140 g fillet of market-size salmon fed GM Camelina oil supplied 2.3 g of EPA + DHA.•Salmon fed GM Camelina had 1.5× more EPA + DHA compared to fish fed commercial feed.•Salmon fed GM Camelina oil supplied 67% of the weekly requirement level of EPA + DHA.
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•Microencapsulation is a promising way to control DHA release, digestion and absorption.•Combination of proteins and carbohydrates better controls DHA microcapsule release and ...digestion.•Unlike triglyceride-type fish oil, phospholipid-type krill oil offers advantages in digestion and absorption.•Algal oil as a DHA source exhibits higher lipid digestibility and absorptivity than fish oil.•Plant proteins, new DHA sources and advanced digestion models aid DHA microcapsule development.
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an essential omega-3 fatty acid, offers significant health benefits but faces challenges such as distinct odor, oxidation susceptibility, and limited intestinal permeability, hindering its broad application. Microencapsulation, widely employed, enhances DHA performance by facilitating controlled release, digestion, and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Despite extensive studies on DHA microcapsules and related delivery systems, understanding the mechanisms governing encapsulated DHA release, digestion, and absorption, particularly regarding the influence of wall materials and DHA sources, remains limited. This review starts with an overview of current techniques commonly applied for DHA microencapsulation. It then proceeds to outline up-to-date advances in the release, digestion and absorption of DHA microcapsules, highlighting the roles of wall materials and DHA sources. Importantly, it proposes strategies for overcoming challenges and exploiting opportunities to enhance the bioavailability of DHA microcapsules. Notably, spray drying dominates DHA microencapsulation (over 90 % usage), while complex coacervation shows promise for future applications. The combination of proteins and carbohydrates or phospholipids as wall material exhibits potential in controlling release and digestion of DHA microcapsules. The source of DHA, particularly algal oil, demonstrates higher lipid digestibility and absorptivity of free fatty acids (FFAs) than fish oil. Future advancements in DHA microcapsule development include formulation redesign (e.g., using plant proteins as wall material and algal oil as DHA source), technique optimization (such as co-microencapsulation and pre-digestion), and creation of advanced in vitro systems for assessing DHA digestion and absorption kinetics.
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