•A dynamic material flow analysis model has been developed for silicon-based PV modules, emphasizing annual dynamics in PV deployment capacity, module efficiency, material compositions, and market ...shares for various PV technologies until 2050.•Improvements in material intensity can reduce the annual demand for PV module materials by 46 % for silicon, 35 % for aluminum, 30 % for silver, and 13 % for other materials, compared to scenarios without such improvements.•PV technology choices significantly influence indium and silver demand; in most cases the demand for indium and silver may exceed their available reserves. The impacts of material intensity improvement, recycling, and material substitution on reducing indium and silver demand are quantified and discussed.•Ongoing improvements in PV efficiency and the careful selection of PV technology are crucial for alleviating material demand.
The surge in global solar photovoltaic (PV) deployment as a measure to combat climate change is undeniable. However, this growth comes with its own set of challenges, particularly concerning the materials required for silicon-based PV modules. In this study, we quantify future material demand for silicon-based PV modules, considering technological advancements in PV module efficiency and material intensity. The annual material demand is projected to increase significantly for indium (38–286 times), silver (4–27 times), and other materials (2–20 times) over the period from 2022 to 2050, depending on PV deployment scenarios. Indium and silver demand are notably influenced by PV technology choice. Cumulative indium demand during 2022–2050 could range from 0 kt (for 100 % passivated emitter and rear contact or tunnel oxide passivated contact PV) to 209 kt (for 100 % perovskite-silicon four-terminal tandem PV). Cumulative silver demand during the same period could vary from 144 kt (for 100 % passivated emitter and rear contact PV) to 1121 kt (for 100 % silicon heterojunction PV). One promising approach to mitigate the increasing demand for primary materials is closed-loop recycling. By implementing efficient PV collection and recycling processes, cumulative primary material demand could be reduced by 10 % to 30 % between 2022 and 2050.
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•The solutions of iron(II) complex with Spin-crossover were studied by methods of static magnetic susceptibility, UV and visible spectrometry and conductometry.•Solutions of the ...Fe(HC(pz)3)2ns2 in DMFA are characterized by a high degree of dissociation by the type of 1,1-charging electrolyte.•The values of the electrolyte dissociation constant is calculated as pK = 2.3.•The activation energy of the charge transfer process is equal Ea = 5815 J/mol.•Change in the spin state of the central atom of the complex in solution does not lead to changes in the nature of electrical conductivity and does not change Ea.
Using methods of static magnetic susceptibility, UV and visible spectrometry and conductometry, dimethylformamide solution of iron(II) complex with tris(pyrazol-1-yl)methane (HC(pz)3) having the composition Fe(HC(pz)3)2ns2 (ns = 2-naphthalene sulfonate) has been studied. In solution, as in the solid state, this compound exhibits a spin crossover of 1A1 ↔ 5T2, while in solution it is shifted to a region of lower temperatures and is sharper. It is shown that at a given concentration of 2.5 × 10−4 mol/L at 298 K, the molar electrical conductivity for the Fe(HC(pz)3)2ns2 complex in dimethylformamide is Λ298k = 100 ± 2 Ohm−1cm2 mol−1. Solutions of the Fe(HC(pz)3)2ns2 complex in a polar aprotic solvent with high dielectric permittivity are characterized by a high degree of dissociation by the type of 1,1-charging electrolyte. The dependences of the logarithm of the electrical conductivity of the studied solutions as a function of the logarithm of concentration and of 1/T are linear. The values of the electrolyte dissociation constant, pK = 2.3, and the activation energy of the charge transfer process, Ea = 5815 J/mol, are calculated. It is shown that a change in the spin state of the central atom of the complex in solution does not lead to changes in the nature of electrical conductivity and does not change Ea.
The Front Cover shows the developed theoretical variance of the error on the admittance and how this expression captures the experimental values of the standard deviations of the real and imaginary ...parts of the admittance. More information can be found in the Research Article by R. Chukwu et al.
Abstract
Background
Direct membrane feeding assays assess the transmission potential of malaria-infected individuals using whole blood collected in anticoagulant vacutainers.
Methods
The potential ...inhibitory effect of four commonly used anticoagulants on gametocyte infectivity to mosquitoes was assessed in standard membrane feeding assays with cultured Plasmodium falciparum.
Results
Infection burden in mosquitoes was significantly reduced when blood was collected in sodium citrate and EDTA. Transmission was highest when blood was collected in lithium heparin and sodium heparin, although a concentration-dependent inhibition of mosquito infection was also observed.
Conclusions
Although anticoagulants can reduce transmission efficiency, lithium heparin and sodium heparin are the best anticoagulants for evaluating malaria transmission.
The direct membrane feeding assay (DMFA), whereby gametocyte-infected blood is collected from human donors and from which mosquitoes feed through a membrane, is proving essential for assessing ...parameters influencing Plasmodium transmission potential in endemic countries. The success of DMFAs is closely tied to gametocyte density in the blood, with relatively high gametocytaemia ensuring optimal infection levels in mosquitoes. As transmission intensity declines with control efforts, the occurrence of asymptomatic individuals with low gametocyte densities, who can significantly contribute to the infectious reservoir, is increasing. This poses a limitation to studies relying on the experimental infection of large numbers of mosquitoes with natural isolates of Plasmodium. A simple, field-applicable method is presented for improving parasite infectivity by concentrating Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes.
Anopheles gambiae received one of the following 5 blood treatments through DMFA: (i) whole blood (WB) samples from naturally-infected donors; (ii) donor blood whose plasma was replaced with the same volume of Plasmodium-naive AB + serum (1:1 control); (iii) plasma replaced with a volume of malaria-naïve AB + serum equivalent to half (1:1/2), or to a quarter (1:1/4), of the initial plasma volume; and (v) donor blood whose plasma was fully removed (RBC). The experiment was repeated 4 times using 4 distinct wild parasite isolates. Seven days post-infection, a total of 1,095 midguts were examined for oocyst presence.
Substituting plasma with reduced amounts (1:1/2 and 1:1/4) of Plasmodium-naive AB + serum led to a 31% and 17% increase of the mosquito infection rate and to a 85% and 308% increase in infection intensity compared to the 1:1 control, respectively. The full removal of plasma (RBC) reduced the infection rate by 58% and the intensity by 64% compared to the 1:1 control. Reducing serum volumes (1:1/2; 1:1/4 and RBC) had no impact on mosquito feeding rate and survival when compared to the 1:1 control.
Concentrating gametocytic blood by replacing natural plasma by lower amount of naive serum can enhance the success of mosquito infection. In an area with low gametocyte density, this simple and practical method of parasite concentration can facilitate studies on human-to-mosquito transmission such as the evaluation of transmission-blocking interventions.
This study investigates under which circumstances increases in circularity through the reuse of use‐phase‐intensive electrical and electronic equipment lead to environmental benefits. We combine ...dynamic material flow analysis (dMFA) and life cycle assessment (LCA) to assess a Circular Economy strategy toward its environmental sustainability on midpoint and endpoint levels. The hybrid approach measures long‐term implications of policy decisions in multiple impact categories and shows the need to comprehensively evaluate Circular Economy activities. We apply the approach to the strategy of setting reuse targets in a case study on washing machines in Germany. As a consequence of a reuse target, the product portfolio changes over time. The resulting stocks and flows are calculated in a dMFA, and attributed with the respective LCA‐based environmental impacts. We present cumulated impacts between 2015 and 2050 for scenarios with different reuse targets for 18 midpoints and three endpoints of the impact assessment method ReCiPe 2016, and the cumulative energy demand. The latest proposal of a 5% reuse target results in average impact reductions of 1% compared to “business as usual.” An increase of reuse up to 87% results in an average impact reduction of 9%, ranging from an increase of 1% (water consumption) to a decrease up to 26% (land use). This shows that even high reuse rates only have a limited leverage on reducing environmental impacts and that it is therefore necessary to include detailed environmental assessments in a holistic evaluation of Circular Economy activities. This article met the requirements for a gold‐gold JIE data openness badge described at http://jie.click/badges.
The colonization of mosquitoes susceptible to Plasmodium vivax via direct membrane feeding assay (DMFA) has the potential to significantly advance our knowledge of P. vivax biology, vector-parasite ...interaction and transmission-blocking vaccine research. Anopheles darlingi and Anopheles deaneorum are important vectors of malaria in the Western Brazilian Amazon. Since 2018, well-established colonies of these species have been maintained in order to mass produce mosquitoes destined for P. vivax infection. Plasmodium susceptibility was confirmed when the colonies were established, but susceptibility needs to be maintained for these colonies to remain good models for pathogen transmission. Thus, the susceptibility was assessed of colonized mosquitoes to P. vivax isolates circulating in the Western Amazon.
Laboratory-reared mosquitoes from F10-F25 generations were fed on P. vivax blood isolates via DMFA. Susceptibility was determined by prevalence and intensity of infection as represented by oocyst load seven days after blood feeding, and sporozoite load 14 days after blood feeding. The effect of infection on mosquito survival was evaluated from initial blood feeding until sporogonic development and survival rates were compared between mosquitoes fed on infected and uninfected blood. Correlation was calculated between gametocytaemia and prevalence/intensity of infection, and between oocyst and sporozoite load.
Significant differences were found in prevalence and intensity of infection between species. Anopheles darlingi showed a higher proportion of infected mosquitoes and higher oocyst and sporozoite intensity than An. deaneorum. Survival analysis showed that An. deaneorum survival decreased drastically until 14 days post infection (dpi). Plasmodium vivax infection decreased survival in both species relative to uninfected mosquitoes. No correlation was observed between gametocytaemia and prevalence/intensity of infection, but oocyst and sporozoite load had a moderate to strong correlation.
Colonized An. darlingi make excellent subjects for modelling pathogen transmission. On the other hand, An. deaneorum could serve as a model for immunity studies due the low susceptibility under current colonized conditions. In the application of DMFA, gametocyte density is not a reliable parameter for predicting mosquito infection by P. vivax, but oocyst intensity should be used to schedule sporozoite experiments.
The Front Cover shows the application of dynamic multi‐frequency analysis (DMFA) for studying the kinetics of a nickel hexacyanoferrate thin film, which is unstable in its oxidized form. The image ...shows the two‐step intercalation mechanism for the deintercalation of univalent cations in nickel hexacyanoferrate thin film. More information can be found in the Article by C. Erinmwingbovo et al. on page 5387 in Issue 21, 2019 (DOI: 10.1002/celc.201900805).
Different strategies can be used to acquire dynamic impedance spectra during a cyclic voltammetry experiment. The spectra are then analyzed by fitting them with a model using a weighted non‐linear ...least‐squares minimization algorithm. The choice of the weighting factors is not trivial and influences the value of the extracted parameters. At variance with the classic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, dynamic impedance measurements are performed under non‐stationary conditions, making them typically more prone to errors arising from the voltage and current analog‐to‐digital conversion. Under the assumption that the noise in the voltage and current signals have a constant variance along the measurement and that it is uncorrelated between distinct samples, we calculate an expression for the expected variance of the error of the resulting immittances, which considers the specific procedure used to extract the spectra under the time‐varying nature of the measurements. The calculated variance of the error is then used as a rigorous way to evaluate the weighting factors of the least‐squares minimization, assuming that the fitted model is ideally exact and that there are no systematic errors. By exploring two classical electrochemical systems and fitting the measured spectra with a transfer function measurement model, namely with the Padé approximants, we show that the variance evaluated with our method captures the frequency dependence of the resulting residuals and can be used for reliably performing the complex non‐linear least‐squares fitting procedure.
Statistical analysis of dynamic impedance spectra: Starting from the noise in the voltage perturbation and the current response, and using principles of error propagation, we derive an expression for the variance of the error on the admittance and show that this calculated standard deviation captures the frequency dependence of the real and imaginary experimental standard deviations.
To understand the dynamics of malaria transmission, membrane feeding assays with glass feeders are used to assess the transmission potential of malaria infected individuals to mosquitoes. However, in ...some circumstances, use of these assays is hindered by both the blood volume requirement and the availability of fragile, specially crafted glass feeders. 3D printed plastic feeders that require very small volumes of blood would thus expand the utility of membrane feeding assays.
Using two 3D printing production methods, MultiJet (MJ) and Digital Light Processing (DLP), we developed a plastic version of the most commonly used standard glass feeder (the mini-feeder) with an improved design, and also a smaller feeder requiring only 60 µl of blood (the nano-feeder). Performance of the 3D printed feeders was compared to standard glass mini-feeders by assessing infectivity of gametocytes to mosquitoes in standard membrane feeding assays with laboratory reared Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes and cultured Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes. In addition, the optimum number of mosquitoes that can feed on the nano-feeder was determined by evaluating fully fed mosquitoes visually and by assessing blood- meal volume with a colorimetric haemoglobin assay.
The 3D printing methods allowed quick and inexpensive production of durable feeders. Infectivity of gametocytes to mosquitoes was comparable for MJ and DLP 3D printed feeders and glass feeders, and the performance of the 3D printed feeders was not influenced by repeated washing with bleach. There was no loss in transmission efficiency when the feeder size was reduced from mini-feeder to nano-feeder, and blood-meal volume assessment indicated ~10 An. stephensi mosquitoes can take a full blood-meal (median volume 3.44 µl) on a nano-feeder.
Here we present 3D printed mini- and nano-feeders with comparable performance to the currently used glass mini-feeders. These feeders do not require specialized glass craftsmanship, making them easily accessible. Moreover, the smaller nano-feeders will enable evaluation of smaller blood volumes that can be collected from finger prick, thus expanding the utility of membrane feeding assays and facilitating a more thorough evaluation of the human infectious reservoir for malaria.
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