Although childhood and adult abuse are more prevalent among patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) than healthy individuals (controls), other types of early adverse life events (EALs) have not ...been well characterized. We investigated whether different types of EALs, before age 18 years, are more prevalent among patients with IBS, and the effects of sex and nongastrointestinal symptoms on the relationship between EALs and IBS.
EALs were evaluated in 294 IBS patients (79% women) and 435 controls (77% women) using the Early Trauma Inventory Self-Report Form, which delineates subcategories of general trauma and physical, emotional, and sexual abuse. Validated questionnaires assessed gastrointestinal, psychological, and somatic symptoms.
Compared with controls, IBS patients reported a higher prevalence of general trauma (78.5% vs 62.3%), physical punishment (60.6% vs 49.2%), emotional abuse (54.9% vs 27.0%), and sexual events (31.2% vs 17.9%) (all P < .001). These significant differences were observed mainly in women. Of the EAL domains, emotional abuse was the strongest predictor of IBS (P < .001). Eight of the 27 EAL items were significant (P < .001) and increased the odds of having IBS by 108% to 305%. Although EALs and psychological variables were related, EALs had an independent association with IBS (P = .04).
Various types of EALs are associated with the development of IBS-particularly among women. Psychological distress and somatic symptoms might contribute to this relationship. When appropriate, EALs and nongastrointestinal symptoms should be assessed in IBS patients.
Summary
Leucine‐rich repeat receptor‐like kinases (LRR‐RLKs) comprise the largest class of membrane‐localized receptor‐like kinases in plants. Leucine‐rich repeat receptor‐like kinases are key immune ...sectors contributing to pattern‐triggered immunity (PTI), but whether LRR‐RLK mediates effector‐triggered immunity (ETI) in plants remains unclear.
In this study, we evaluated the function of LRR‐RLKs in regulating ETI by using a virus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS)‐based reverse genetic screening assay, and identified a LRR‐RLK named ETI‐dependent receptor‐like kinase 1 (EDK1) required for ETI triggered by the avirulence effector AVRblb2 secreted by Phytophthora infestans and its cognate receptor Rpi‐blb2. Silencing or knockout of EDK1 compromised immunity mediated by Rpi‐blb2 and the cell death triggered by recognition of AVRblb2.
NLR‐required for cell death 4 (NRC4), a signaling component acts downstream of Rpi‐blb2, was identified that interacts with EDK1 using the LC–MS analysis and the interaction was further evaluated by co‐immunoprecipitation. EDK1 promotes protein accumulation of NRC4 in a kinase‐dependent manner and positively regulates resistance to P. infestans in Nicotiana benthamiana.
Our study revealed that EDK1 positively regulates plant ETI through modulating accumulation of the NLR signaling component NRC4, representing a new regulatory role of the membrane‐localized LRR‐RLKs in plant immunity.
The 'Neolithic Revolution,' sometimes referred to as the emergence of agriculture at its earliest in the southern Levant, is the most significant shift in human history, shaping the world we live in ...today. Yet, after 100 years of study, its major cause, tempo (gradual or revolutionary), and impact of human intentionality remain disputed. Here, we examine the research potential of an evolutionary transition in individuality (ETI) to clarify this dramatic shift. Applying an ETI research perspective reveals how different causes and conditions lead to the same result, enabling a holistic view rather than a reduction of 'Neolithic' to 'agriculture,' or to one major climatic condition, inheritance system or standard evolutionary model, thus allowing us to clarify and bypass some of these heated, unresolved disputes. Additionally, unlike current archaeological emphasis on 'where,' 'when,' 'why' and 'how' questions, the ETI perspective offers a productive path for resolving a fundamental preliminary anomaly: why and how could the Neolithic lifeway evolve at all, given the selfish interest of individuals in a hunter-gatherer group? We do not intend to solve the shift to Neolithic lifeways, only to offer a fresh lens for examining it, emphasizing the relevance of tracking within and between group differences. This article is part of the theme issue 'Human socio-cultural evolution in light of evolutionary transitions'.
Activation of the immune response in plants antagonizes growth and development in the absence of pathogens, and such an autoimmune phenotype is often suppressed by the elevation of ambient ...temperature. However, molecular regulation of the ambient temperature-sensitive intersection of immune response and growth is largely elusive.
A genetic screen identified an Arabidopsis mutant, zed1-D, by its high temperaturedependent growth retardation. A combination of molecular, cytological and genetic approaches was used to investigate the molecular basis behind the temperature-sensitive growth and immune response in zed1-D.
A dominant mutation in HOPZ-ETI-DEFICIENT 1 (ZED1) is responsible for a high temperature-dependent autoimmunity and growth retardation in zed1-D. The autoimmune phenotype in zed1-D is dependent on the HOPZ-ACTIVATED RESISTANCE 1 (ZAR1). ZED1 and some ZED1-related kinases (ZRKs) are induced by elevated temperature and function cooperatively to suppress the immune response by modulating the transcription of SUPPRESSOR OF NPR1-1 CONSTITUTIVE 1 (SNC1) in the absence of pathogens.
Our data reveal a previously unidentified role of ZRKs in the ambient temperature-sensitive immune response in the absence of pathogens, and thus reveals a possible molecular mechanism underlying the temperature-mediated intersection of immune response and growth in plants.
Plants lack the adaptive immune system possessed by mammals. Instead they rely on innate immunity to defend against pathogen attacks. Genomes of higher plants encode a large number of plant immune ...receptors belonging to different protein families, which are involved in the detection of pathogens and activation of downstream defense pathways. Plant immunity is tightly controlled to avoid activation of defense responses in the absence of pathogens, as failure to do so can lead to autoimmunity that compromises plant growth and development. Many autoimmune mutants have been reported, most of which are associated with dwarfism and often spontaneous cell death. In this review, we summarize previously reported
autoimmune mutants, categorizing them based on their functional groups. We also discuss how their obvious morphological phenotypes make them ideal tools for epistatic analysis and suppressor screens, and summarize genetic screens that have been carried out in various autoimmune mutant backgrounds.
An important branch of plant immunity involves the recognition of pathogens by nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) proteins. However, signaling events downstream of NB-LRR activation are ...poorly understood. We have analysed the Arabidopsis translatome using ribosome affinity purification and RNA sequencing. Our results show that the translational status of hundreds of transcripts is differentially affected upon activation of the NB-LRR protein RPM1, showing an overall pattern of a switch away from growth-related activities to defense. Among these is the central translational regulator and growth promoter, Target of Rapamycin (TOR) kinase. Suppression of TOR expression leads to increased resistance to pathogens while overexpression of TOR results in increased susceptibility, indicating an important role for translational control in the switch from growth to defense. Furthermore, we show that several additional genes whose mRNAs are translationally regulated, including BIG, CCT2, and CIPK5, are required for both NB-LRR-mediated and basal plant innate immunity, identifying novel actors in plant defense.
Plant diseases cause famines, drive human migration, and present challenges to agricultural sustainability as pathogen ranges shift under climate change. Plant breeders discovered Mendelian genetic ...loci conferring disease resistance to specific pathogen isolates over 100 years ago. Subsequent breeding for disease resistance underpins modern agriculture and, along with the emergence and focus on model plants for genetics and genomics research, has provided rich resources for molecular biological exploration over the last 50 years. These studies led to the identification of extracellular and intracellular receptors that convert recognition of extracellular microbe-encoded molecular patterns or intracellular pathogen-delivered virulence effectors into defense activation. These receptor systems, and downstream responses, define plant immune systems that have evolved since the migration of plants to land ∼500 million years ago. Our current understanding of plant immune systems provides the platform for development of rational resistance enhancement to control the many diseases that continue to plague crop production.
Plant diseases significantly impact human and environmental health. This review encompasses the last 50 years of research in the plant immune system, an overview of the pathogen virulence proteins, and strategies for durable resistance.
Recent studies have shown that global translational reprogramming is an early activation event in pattern-triggered immunity, when plants recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns. However, it ...is not fully known whether translational regulation also occurs in subsequent immune responses, such as effector-triggered immunity (ETI). In this study, we performed genome-wide ribosome profiling in Arabidopsis upon RPS2-mediated ETI activation and discovered that specific groups of genes were translationally regulated, mostly in coordination with transcription. These genes encode enzymes involved in aromatic amino acid, phenylpropanoid, camalexin, and sphingolipid metabolism. The functional significance of these components in ETI was confirmed by genetic and biochemical analyses. Our findings provide new insights into diverse translational regulation of plant immune responses and demonstrate that translational coordination of metabolic gene expression is an important strategy for ETI.
This article presents a genome-wide ribosome profiling analysis of RPS2-mediated effector-triggered immunity (ETI). During ETI, specific groups of genes were found to be translationally regulated in coordination with transcription, including one main group involved in aromatic amino acid biosynthesis. Substantial genetic and biochemical studies demonstrate that translational regulation of metabolic pathways is an important strategy for ETI.
Plants coexist with a diverse array of microorganisms, predominantly bacteria and fungi, in both natural and agricultural environments. While some microorganisms positively influence plant ...development and yield, others can cause harm to the host, leading to significant adverse impacts on the environment and the economy. Plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPM), including plant growth-promoting bacteria, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF), and rhizobia, have been found to increase plant biomass production by synthesizing hormones, fixing nitrogen, and solubilizing phosphate and potassium. Numerous studies have contributed to unraveling the complex process of plant-microbe interactions in recent decades. In light of the increasing global challenges such as population growth, climate change, and resource scarcity, it has become imperative to explore the potential of plant-bacteria-fungi crosstalk in promoting sustainability. This review aims to bridge existing knowledge gaps, providing a roadmap for future research in this dynamic field by synthesizing current knowledge and identifying emerging trends.
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•A major QTL for aflatoxin production resistance was identified in a 1.98 Mbp genomic region by both NGS-based QTL-seq approach and genetic linkage analysis.•A gene namely AhAftr1, ...annotated as “NB-LRRs protein gene” with structural variation (SV) in the LRRs domain between parental lines was identified by fine-mapping using a secondary segregation mapping population.•Transgenic experiments confirmed that the SV of AhAftr1 confers aflatoxin production resistance.•RNA-Seq and differential gene expression analysis indicated that AhAftr1 might be involved in disease resistance via the ETI pathway.•Thirty-six lines were identified from a special panel of germplasm accessions and breeding lines by using AFTR.Del.A07, which was developed based on the SV, and their aflatoxin content were decreased by over 77.67% compared to the susceptible control Zhonghua12.
Peanut is susceptible to infection of Aspergillus fungi and conducive to aflatoxin contamination, hence developing aflatoxin-resistant variety is highly meaningful. Identifying functional genes or loci conferring aflatoxin resistance and molecular diagnostic marker are crucial for peanut breeding.
This work aims to (1) identify candidate gene for aflatoxin production resistance, (2) reveal the related resistance mechanism, and (3) develop diagnostic marker for resistance breeding program.
Resistance to aflatoxin production in a recombined inbred line (RIL) population derived from a high-yielding variety Xuhua13 crossed with an aflatoxin-resistant genotype Zhonghua 6 was evaluated under artificial inoculation for three consecutive years. Both genetic linkage analysis and QTL-seq were conducted for QTL mapping. The candidate gene was further fine-mapped using a secondary segregation mapping population and validated by transgenic experiments. RNA-Seq analysis among resistant and susceptible RILs was used to reveal the resistance pathway for the candidate genes.
The major effect QTL qAFTRA07.1 for aflatoxin production resistance was mapped to a 1.98 Mbp interval. A gene, AhAftr1 (Arachis hypogaea Aflatoxin resistance 1), was detected structure variation (SV) in leucine rich repeat (LRR) domain of its production, and involved in disease resistance response through the effector-triggered immunity (ETI) pathway. Transgenic plants with overexpression of AhAftr1(ZH6) exhibited 57.3% aflatoxin reduction compared to that of AhAftr1(XH13). A molecular diagnostic marker AFTR.Del.A07 was developed based on the SV. Thirty-six lines, with aflatoxin content decrease by over 77.67% compared to the susceptible control Zhonghua12 (ZH12), were identified from a panel of peanut germplasm accessions and breeding lines through using AFTR.Del.A07.
Our findings would provide insights of aflatoxin production resistance mechanisms and laid meaningful foundation for further breeding programs.
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