Od prevoza do politike Bernarda Županek; Alenka Miškec
Keria: Studia Latina et Graeca,
01/2020, Volume:
21, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Novembra 2015 so pri arheoloških raziskavah ob prenovi Slovenske ceste na prostoru emonske insule XIII med drugim odkrili železen prstan z vdelano gemo. Na njej je upodobljena bojna galeja. Razločno ...so vidna vesla, krma, kljun in oven (rostrum). Na ladji oziroma nad njo sta upodobljena signa militaria, vojaška znaka centurij. Prstan glede na obliko datiramo v 1. stoletje, gemo pa glede na stil izvedbe postavljamo v 1.–2. stoletje. Gema je bila izdelana v različici kalcedona, imenovanega nikolo. Prstani z gemami so služili za pečatenje različnih dokumentov, motivi na njih pa so odražali okus in identiteto lastnika. Geme z upodobitvami ladje so redke. Našli smo nekaj analogij, od katerih je naši po motivu najbližja ena od gem, ki jih hrani Britanski muzej v Londonu. Nadalje smo raziskovali vzor za motiv, in sicer na novcih, kjer so upodobitve ladje in/ali vojaških znakov v rimskem času pogoste. Zaradi zamejene datacije prstana smo iskanje vzora omejili na novce pozne republike in principata. Najbližje primerjave smo našli na seriji novcev Marka Antonija, ki so bili v velikih količinah kovani med 32–31 pr. n. š. pred pomorsko bitko pri Akciju. Na sprednji strani teh denarijev je podoba galeje z legendo, ki se nanaša na Antonijev položaj avgura in triumvira. Legende na zadnji strani omenjajo različne vojaške enote, upodobljeni pa so trije vojaški znaki: dva znaka centurij, kot na naši gemi, in orel (aquila), ki je bil znak legije. Domnevamo, da se je izdelovalec pri izdelavi motiva na naši gemi zgledoval po teh novcih ali kateri od podobnih serij. Upodobitev na naši gemi je vsekakor izstopajoča, saj so pomorski motivi v rimski gliptiki redki, sploh glede na pomen, ki ga je imela civilna in vojaška plovba za rimsko državo. Izbiro motiva lahko povezujemo z lastnikovo vojaško preteklostjo ali njegovim ponosom na pripadnost zmagoviti rimski državi.
This study concerns the investigation of mortar layers and pigments of wall paintings from the Roman town of Emona (Ljubljana, Slovenia). Fragments of wall paintings consist of up to three preserved ...mortar layers. The mineralogical–petrographic compositions of the mortars were determined by means of optical microscopy and FT–IR spectroscopy. The investigated samples were divided into several groups based on similar thicknesses of the mortar layer, the binder colour and the composition of an aggregate. Furthermore, the results of mercury intrusion porosimetry showed that mortar layers consisting of carbonate grains exhibited lower porosity with respect to layers with mainly silicate grains, which is attributed to the angular shapes of carbonate aggregate. This is in accordance with the drilling resistance measurement system test (DRMS), confirming that layers with angular carbonate grains are harder than those with addition of rounded silicate ones, due to the good packing effect. The wall paintings were mainly executed using the fresco technique, while for some details secco was used. The identified pigments were red and yellow ochre, green earth, Egyptian blue, carbon black and lime white; all of them belonged to the so‐called austere pigment, which is quite common in Roman wall paintings.
Eleven inscriptions, discovered on as yet unpublished fragments of monuments from the territory of Roman Emona, are discussed in this contribution. The monuments, kept in the City Museum of ...Ljubljana, were most probably discovered in the secondary position and date from the 1st to the 3rd century AD
This work deals with a number of arguably misinterpreted names found on inscriptions from Emona in Central Slovenia. While many of them have been recently attributed to an Indo-European, otherwise ...unknown dialect (associated with onomastic data referred to as “Iggian” or “North Adriatic”), the author shows that contact linguistics and Celtic dialectology are instrumental in their correct analysis, and that they all can be classified as either Eastern Gaulish or Italic. In the author’s view, existence of such linguistic or onomastic systems as “Iggian” or “North-Adriatic” is uneconomic and based on alleged phonetic and morphological features that remain unconvincing. An in-depth analysis of the names, including some novel readings of several Pannonian inscriptions, reveal that they are often the product of scribal misunderstandings or lack of experience, which can be explained based on the achievements of historical and typological phonetics and morphophonology in a wide Indo-European perspective. Historically, the studied names bear witness to the impact of late Venetic migrations to synchronically Celtic-speaking urban nuclei: the analysis shows that the Venetic layer seems to be superficial in Emona and mostly consists of forms attested elsewhere, which are occasionally reflected as they would be perceived by native speakers of a Celtic language. As for the names of Gaulish ancestry attested in Emona, they seem to have been transmitted by Gauls who were literate in Latin and well aware of the standardised transcription of Gaulish names. The analysis reveals regular differences between the scribal traditions of Ig and Šmarata, which, in their turn, support the phonetical and morphological argumentation.
This study concerns the microfacies characterization of white and black limestone tesserae from selected Roman floor mosaics in Slovenia, with the aim of defining their provenance. We investigated 42 ...tesserae from 15 different mosaics from the archaeological sites of Ljubljana, Izola, Mošnje, Ptuj, Črnomelj and Šentpavel, dated from the first century bc to the fifth century ad. Among the studied tesserae, 13 different microfacies were identified: eight black and five white. The most common were mudstones with ostracods (65% of black tesserae) and wacke‐packstones with miliolids (85% of white tesserae). The majority of the identified facies can be found in the Cretaceous successions of the Dinaric Carbonate Platform in south‐western Slovenia, north‐eastern Italy and south‐eastern Croatia, suggesting a regional or imported origin of the tesserae.
Not much is known about the pre-Roman inhabitants of Emona and their descendants, therefore it is all the more important to collect all available evidence. Epigraphic documents from the Ig area are ...abundant, containing a large selection of indigenous personal names, which, in contrast, are rather scarce at colonia Iulia Emona, but not as scarce as has been assumed. The tombstones with indigenous names in actuality represent 10.7% of all Emonian grave monuments with identifiable names. At least eight monuments with epichoric anthroponymy can be regarded as having been undoubtedly discovered at Ljubljana. The Emona–Ig areas were closely interdependent in the pre-Roman period and it was only with the foundation of a Roman colony at Emona that the earlier connections and identity of the pre-Roman inhabitants of Emona were forcibly disrupted, relegating the majority of them to a marginal existence. However, there were some who managed to integrate themselves into the Roman society, earning enough money to erect a funeral monument for themselves and their families. This was the case of Buio and his wife Lasciontia, as well as of Enno and his wife Cetetiu. There were native families who were given citizenship, transforming their personal names into a gentilicium, as, for example, the Vibunnii. These names and social connections of their bearers shed a most interesting light on life in Emona before it became a Roman city, as well as on various means of integration, when the former inhabitants had to live side by side with the newcomers.
Emona was never a Pannonian city; it first belonged to Cisalpine Gaul and since 41 BC to Italy. The bound - ary stone from Bevke, which is most probably dated to the period of Augustus or perhaps ...Tiberius, ultimately confirmed that Emona was already an Italian city in the first half of the first century AD, but it must also have belonged to Italy earlier. There is no decisive evidence to establish the precise time when the town became a Roman colony. The proposed dates range from the time of Octavian after the battle at Actium to the beginning of Tiberius’ reign. While all the arguments supporting the latter hypothesis have proven to be invalid, a terminus ad quem must be sought most probably in the last years of Octavian’s rule, which would also be indicated by the colony’s name Iulia.
This paper presents a new technique employed in the construction of a lightweight backing for the Roman floor mosaic XIII.8 from Emona (Ljubljana, Slovenia). The rather large mosaic did not remain in ...situ but was instead lifted in 1997 before being restored and reassembled during a long and demanding conservation process between 2013 and 2014. Due to the size of the mosaic and subsequent demands associated with its presentation, as well as the need for easy handling when carrying and assembling the restored fragments, a necessity arose to develop a lightweight, compatible and easily removable support. Hence with an investigation of mechanical properties of lightweight mortars based on natural hydraulic lime was carried out. A low mortar density was obtained via the use of a lightweight aggregate composed of recycled glass beads. Conservation–restoration processes included documentation, cleaning, application of the new support, retouching and reassembly of the mosaic fragments.
Our contribution considers some data from the Peutinger map and the Antonine itinerary, regarding the mentioning of the Roman road and the stations along this road between the settlements Siscia and ...Sirmium, along the River Sava. To obtain new results regarding the dating of these two important ancient cartographic sources, I have compared the values of the distances between the settlements recorded in both these itineraries. I have also launched a discussion concerning the mentioning in the Antonine itinerary of the toponym Incero sed mansio augusti in pretorio est, comparable with Ad Praetorium/ Praetorium, recorded in the Peutinger map. In conclusion, I suggested that there are solid arguments in favour of rating the road along the River Sava as one of the earliest routes in Pannonia. Initially, it was a military communication artery, and, as in the whole of the Roman Empire, it became one of the important routes connecting Italy to the Balkans. It was clearly used intensively, and in the late period stations along this road served to supply the infrastructure necessary for the official transportation system. This late state of affairs is reflected in the Antonine itinerary.
Museums engage in different forms of education, not just exhibitions but workshops, school lessons, etc. Simulating school lessons from the past constitutes a type of non-formal education, yet ...evaluating their effectiveness is an area that hardly ever attracts research. This qualitative study seeks to respond to this paucity. The article uses the Slovenian School Museum in Ljubljana, Slovenia as an example and describes the forms of education it offers. The study's purpose is to determine the effectiveness of two school lessons, the participants' satisfaction with them, what they learned etc. A questionnaire given to the participant university students from Slovenia and abroad was used to evaluate the two lessons. The study's findings show the lessons conducted in this manner are an effective, living and active way of educating about the past. The findings are valuable for supporting efforts to improve the quality of museum education in the future.
PDF
