The managed heart Hochschild, Arlie Russell
2012., 20120227, 2012, 2012-03-31
eBook
In private life, we try to induce or suppress love, envy, and anger through deep acting or "emotion work," just as we manage our outer expressions of feeling through surface acting. In trying to ...bridge a gap between what we feel and what we "ought" to feel, we take guidance from "feeling rules" about what is owing to others in a given situation. Based on our private mutual understandings of feeling rules, we make a "gift exchange" of acts of emotion management. We bow to each other not simply from the waist, but from the heart. But what occurs when emotion work, feeling rules, and the gift of exchange are introduced into the public world of work? In search of the answer, Arlie Russell Hochschild closely examines two groups of public-contact workers: flight attendants and bill collectors. The flight attendant's job is to deliver a service and create further demand for it, to enhance the status of the customer and be "nicer than natural." The bill collector's job is to collect on the service, and if necessary, to deflate the status of the customer by being "nastier than natural." Between these extremes, roughly one-third of American men and one-half of American women hold jobs that call for substantial emotional labor. In many of these jobs, they are trained to accept feeling rules and techniques of emotion management that serve the company's commercial purpose. Just as we have seldom recognized or understood emotional labor, we have not appreciated its cost to those who do it for a living. Like a physical laborer who becomes estranged from what he or she makes, an emotional laborer, such as a flight attendant, can become estranged not only from her own expressions of feeling (her smile is not "her" smile), but also from what she actually feels (her managed friendliness). This estrangement, though a valuable defense against stress, is also an important occupational hazard, because it is through our feelings that we are connected with those around us. On the basis of this book, Hochschild was featured in Key Sociological Thinkers, edited by Rob Stones. This book was also the winner of the Charles Cooley Award in 1983, awarded by the American Sociological Association and received an honorable mention for the C. Wright Mills Award.
Despite centuries of speculation about how to manage negative emotions, little is actually known about which emotion-regulation strategies people choose to use when confronted with negative ...situations of varying intensity. On the basis of a new process conception of emotion regulation, we hypothesized that in low-intensity negative situations, people would show a relative preference to choose to regulate emotions by engagement reappraisal, which allows emotional processing. However, we expected people in high-intensity negative situations to show a relative preference to choose to regulate emotions by disengagement distraction, which blocks emotional processing at an early stage before it gathers force. In three experiments, we created emotional contexts that varied in intensity, using either emotional pictures (Experiments 1 and 2) or unpredictable electric stimulation (Experiment 3). In response to these emotional contexts, participants chose between using either reappraisal or distraction as an emotion-regulation strategy. Results in all experiments supported our hypothesis. This pattern in the choice of emotion-regulation strategies has important implications for the understanding of healthy adaptation.
It is high time to explore the sentience of invertebrate animals, but this topic cannot be discussed without also exploring their emotional lives, including positive emotions. Sentience probably ...evolved to allow the regulation of emotions by endowing them with associated feelings.
Son yıllarda örgütsel çalışmalarda ahlaki duyguların, pozitif iş çıktıları ile ilişkisi araştırmacılar tarafından yoğun ilgi görmektedir. Bu duygu ailesi, toplum tarafından kurumsallaştırılmış ahlaki ...standartları desteklemeye hizmet etmekte ve örgütsel bağlamda bireylerin kendi davranışlarını, etkileşim içerisinde bulundukları kişilerin davranışlarını ve başkalarının davranışlarını değerlendirmelerine yardımcı olmaktadır. Ahlaki duygular ailesi mensubu bir duygu olan ahlaki yücelik; bireylerin ahlaki bir güzelliğe tanık olduklarında yaşadıkları duygulanımı ifade etmektedir. Mevcut yazında ahlaki yücelik kavramsallaştırmasını inceleyen çok sayıda çalışma bulunmaktadır. Bu amaçla kavramın öncül, ardıl ve bağlantı mekanizmalarını keşfeden ampirik araştırmalar dikkat çekmektedir. Bu kavramsal çalışma ahlaki yücelik yazınının genel hatlarını çizecek, teorik altyapısını tanıtacak, kavramla ilintili bulguları ve değişkenleri saptayacaktır. Kavramın yerel yazına tanıtılmasının ahlaki yücelik için bir başlangıç noktası olması ve gelecek çalışmalar için de araştırmacılara yol gösterici olması beklenmektedir. Teorik araştırmalara ve pratik uygulamalara yönelik öneriler araştırmacı ve uygulayıcılara sunulmuştur.
In recent years, the relationship between moral emotions and positive work outcomes in organizational studies has attracted great attention by researchers. Moral emotions family serves to support the moral standards institutionalized by the society. In organizational context, it helps individuals to evaluate not only their own behaviour but also the behaviour of others they interact with. Moral elevation, which is an emotion belonging to the family of moral emotions; refers to the emotion that individuals experience when they witness a moral beauty. Current literature provides numerous studies conducted to explore and test the conceptualization of moral elevation, its antecedents and consequences and the linkage mechanisms with other concepts. This conceptual study will outline the moral elevation literature by drawing its theoretical background and identify the findings and variables linked to the concept. Introducing moral elevation concept to the local literature will be expected to guide scholars for further research. Suggestions for theoretical research and practical implications are presented for both scholars and practitioners.
This study investigated relationships between maternal beliefs and responses to children’s negative emotions. Thirty-three mothers with children aged between 6 and 7 completed the Parents’ Beliefs ...about Children’s Emotions Questionnaire and the Coping with Children’s Negative Emotions Scale. The analyses revealed that beliefs in the cost of positivity concerning the potential harm of positive emotions explained 18% of the variance in non-supportive reactions to children’s expressions of negative emotions. Beliefs in the value of anger, regarding the recognition of its importance, explained 9% of the variance in supportive reactions to children’s emotional expressions. Maternal cognitions regarding the value of positive and negative emotions help explain the mothers’ behaviors toward children’s emotional expressions. Therefore, encouraging parents to understand the role of emotions in child development is essential to promote effective parenting practices.
Este estudo investigou relações entre crenças e reações maternas às emoções negativas dos filhos. Trinta e três mães com crianças entre 6 e 7 anos de idade preencheram o Questionário de Crenças ...Parentais sobre as Emoções das Crianças e a Escala de Reações Parentais às Emoções Negativas dos Filhos. As análises mostraram que as crenças no custo da positividade, referentes ao potencial prejuízo que emoções positivas podem causar, explicaram 18% da variância nas reações não apoiadoras da expressão de emoções negativas dos filhos. As crenças no valor da raiva, relacionadas ao reconhecimento da importância dessa emoção, explicaram 9% da variância nas reações que apoiam a manifestação emocional infantil. As cognições maternas acerca do valor de emoções positivas e negativas ajudam a explicar o comportamento materno diante da expressão emocional dos filhos. Incentivar nos pais a compreensão das funções das emoções no desenvolvimento infantil é crucial para promover práticas parentais eficazes.
Cette proposition de communication a pour but d’expliquer comment la prosodie émotionnelle, en passant par le principe phonographique, est représentée par la substance graphique dans un texte ...multimodal doté de moindre de littéralité comme la BD. Les modèles de mesure des variations matérielles de la prosodie des émotions basiques (colère, tristesse, joie, peur et surprisse) permettent de construire un protocole dans le codage d’une émotion selon les changements de paramètres acoustiques et ainsi de comprendre les variations prosodiques à représenter graphiquement. Après avoir cité les exemples concrets des représentations graphiques des émotions basiques dans les BD francobelges, nous pouvons en conclure que le codage idéographique dans la BD se compose de deux phénomènes :
diagramme et icône
. Cette notation présentant quelque consensus de configurations graphiques, reste néanmoins imparfaite, non-conventionnelle, mais laisse le libre choix aux auteurs.
The graphic representation of emotional prosody in Franco-Belgian comics.
The aim of this paper is to explain how emotional prosody, through the phonographic principle, is represented by the graphic substance in a multimodal text with a lesser degree of literality such as comics. The measurement models of the material variations of the prosody of the basic emotions (anger, sadness, joy, fear and surprise) make it possible to construct a protocol in the coding of an emotion according to the changes of the acoustic parameters and thus to understand the prosodic variations to be represented graphically. After citing concrete examples of graphic representations of basic emotions in French-Belgian comics, we can conclude that ideographic coding in comics consists of two phenomena: diagram and icon. This notation, which presents some consensus of graphic configurations, remains nonetheless imperfect, unconventional, but leaves the authors free to choose.
Older adults report experiencing improved emotional health, such as more intense positive affect and less intense negative affect. However, there are mixed findings on whether older adults are better ...at regulating emotion-a hallmark feature of emotional health-and most research is based on laboratory studies that may not capture how people regulate their emotions in everyday life. We used experience sampling to examine how multiple measures of emotional health, including mean affect, dynamic fluctuations between affective states and the ability to resist desires-a common form of emotion regulation-differ in daily life across adulthood. Participants (N = 122, ages 20-80) reported how they were feeling and responding to desire temptations for 10 days. Older adults experienced more intense positive affect, less intense negative affect, and were more emotionally stable, even after controlling for individual differences in global life satisfaction. Older adults were more successful at regulating desires, even though they experienced more intense desires than younger adults. In addition, adults in general experiencing more intense affect were less successful at resisting desires. These results demonstrate how emotional experience is related to more successful desire regulation in everyday life and provide unique evidence that emotional health and regulation improve with age.
ZusammenfassungHintergrundIm Jahr 2020 waren 5,7 Mio. Menschen in Gesundheits- und Pflegeberufen tätig. Der Kontakt mit anderen Menschen ist in diesen Berufen Teil des Arbeitsauftrags und der Mensch ...ist der Arbeitsgegenstand.Ziel der ArbeitDas Ziel der Arbeit ist die Untersuchung der Auswirkung von psychischer Belastung (Arbeitsintensität, Spielräume), emotionaler Erschöpfung und emotionalen Kompetenzen (Regulation) auf das psychische Wohlbefinden bei Beschäftigten in Gesundheitsberufen.Material und MethodenDie Erhebung der Querschnittstudie von 624 Beschäftigten aus der Altenpflege und dem Rettungsdienst (72,5 % weiblich) erfolgte im Rahmen zweier Projekte zur betrieblichen Gesundheitsförderung. Zum Einsatz kamen standardisierte validierte Verfahren, welche mittels Korrelationsanalysen sowie einer hierarchischen Regressionsanalyse zur Vorhersage des psychischen Wohlbefindens ausgewertet wurden.ErgebnisseHohe Arbeitsintensität, hohe Spielräume, hohe emotionale Erschöpfung und eine hohe emotionale Kompetenz (Regulation) tragen zur Aufklärung des psychischen Wohlbefindens bei (R2 = 33 %).SchlussfolgerungAnhand der Ergebnisse wird deutlich, dass neben dem Erleben von Arbeit und Gesundheit auch emotionale Kompetenzen einen Einfluss auf die psychische Gesundheit bei Beschäftigten in Gesundheitsberufen haben. Damit leistet die Studie einen wichtigen Beitrag für die Entwicklung von Maßnahmen des betrieblichen Gesundheitsmanagements in diesen Berufsgruppen.
PDF
