Virus inactivation validation studies have been widely applied in the risk assessment of biogenic material‐based medical products, such as biological products, animal tissue‐derived biomaterials, and ...allogeneic biomaterials, to decrease the risk of virus transmission. Traditional virus detection methods in an inactivation validation study utilize cell culture as a tool to quantify the infectious virus by observing cytopathic effects (CPEs) after virus inactivation. However, this is susceptible to subjective factors because CPEs must be observed by experts under a microscope during virus titration. In addition, this method is costly and time‐ and labor‐consuming. Molecular biological technologies such as quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) have been widely used for virus detection but cannot distinguish infectious and noninfectious viruses. Therefore, qPCR cannot be directly applied to virus inactivation validation studies. In this paper, methods to detect viruses and progress in the challenge of differentiating infectious and noninfectious viruses with the combination of pretreatment and qPCR techniques such as the integrated cell culture‐qPCR (ICC‐qPCR) method are reviewed. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of each new method, as well as its prospect in virus inactivation validation studies, are discussed.
In this review, the basic concept about virus infectivity and mechanisms of virus inactivation, and the methods which currently were investigated for virus detection or virus inactivation validation studies were reviewed and their advantages and disadvantages, as well as the prospect to make it able to be applied in virus inactivation validation study of biogenic material‐based medical products, were discussed.
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a highly lethal hepatobiliary neoplasm, which originates from the bile ducts proximal to the second-order division. ICC can be anatomically divided into two ...subtypes: the large duct type (mucin-production ICC, muc-ICC) and the small duct type (mixed-ICC) origins from hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs). The immunoreactivity of S100P and neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) are useful biomarkers to distinguish the two subtypes. In this study, we report a difficult-to-diagnose case of metastatic retroperitoneal tumor of occult hepatolithiasis-associated ICC. Besides, this case was both positive for S100P and NCAM, considered as a rare muc-ICC with the HPCs features. Tumor whole exome sequencing detection results by Genetron (China) revealed that there were 41 gene mutations in this patient. The SMAD4-p.His530ThrfsTer47 and KRAS-p.Gly12Val mutation might promote the occurrence and distant metastasis of the tumor.
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•Temporal variability in urinary neonicotinoid concentrations was examined.•Seven neonicotinoids/metabolites were detected in 75–100% of urine samples.•Intraclass correlation ...coefficients for urinary neonicotinoids ranged 0.02–0.42.•Minimum number of samples required to predict individual’s exposure was 16–172.•Urinary levels of neonicotinoids/metabolites were associated with oxidative stress.
Human exposure to neonicotinoid insecticides (hereafter “neonics”) is a concern. Spot urine samples have been widely used in the assessment of exposure to neonics. Urinary concentrations, however, can vary greatly over time due to variable exposure, potentially leading to exposure misclassification. In this study, within- and between-individual variability of urinary concentrations of 13 neonics and their metabolites collected consecutively for up to 44 days from 19 individuals were examined. We also measured seven oxidative stress biomarkers (OSBs) in repeated urine samples to elucidate their relationship with neonic exposure by mixed regression models. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs, a ratio of between-individual variance to total variance) were used to assess the reproducibility of neonic/metabolite concentrations. Sensitivity and specificity were used to evaluate how well spot urine samples determined an individual’s average exposure over 44 days. A fair to good reproducibility was observed for N-desmethyl-acetamiprid (ICC = 0.42), whereas thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, clothianidin, imidaclothiz, 6-chloronicotinic acid, and sulfoxaflor showed poor reproducibility (ICC = 0.02–0.37). Use of single-spot urine samples to classify high (top 33%) exposure showed higher specificities (0.68–0.92) than sensitivities (0.32–0.88). The minimum number of specimens (k) required to estimate participant-specific mean for neonic exposures within 20% of the “true” values ranged from 16 to 172. Significant positive correlations were found between some of neonic and OSB concentrations. The high variability found in the urinary concentrations of most neonics/metabolites suggests that a single measurement can result in exposure misclassification.
To enhance the spectral efficiency of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) in massive multiple input multiple output systems, we propose a user pairing and pair scheduling algorithm, which can, ...simultaneously, pair the selected users and schedule suitable user pairs for data transmission. Through dividually selecting the first user and the second user for each user pair, the proposed algorithm can make sure that both the two users in each user pair can make the greatest contribution to the system sum rate. To suppress the inter-pair interference, we design an interference cancellation combining (ICC) matrix, which first breaks through the constraint between antenna numbers of base station and users. Theoretical analyses and computer simulations show that, the proposed algorithm has excellent sum rate and outage performance compared with the traditional user pairing algorithms.
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