Background/Aims: Different optimization methods in brachytherapy treatment planning is used. The aim of this study is to evaluate dosimetric differences between manual optimization (MO) and inverse ...planning simulated annealing (IPSA) planning techniques commonly used in brachytherapy of cervical cancer. Methods: Fifteen cervical cancer patients were included in this study. Nucletron standard tandem-ovoid (TO) applicators were used for treatment. High-risk clinical tumor volume (HR-CTV), bladder, rectum, and sigmoid contouring were performed according to GEC-ESTRO recommendations. Two plans were created for each patient using IPSA and MO techniques. While a dose of 700 cGy was prescribed to the target volume during the planning phase, an effort was made to protect the organs at risk in the best way possible. IPSA and MO planning techniques were compared via dose volume histogram (DVH). Results: There was no significant difference between HR-CTV and CI values for MO and IPSA techniques. There was a significant difference between IPSA and MO techniques for the 2cm3 volume of the rectum (p= 0.002). It was observed that the bladder was better protected by the IPSA technique. There was a 6.26% dose difference between IPSA and MO for the bladder. A significant difference was found between IPSA and MO techniques for the 2cm3 volume of the sigmoid (p= 0.002). The IPSA technique was superior to the MO technique in terms of time. Conclusions: The IPSA technique was superior to the MO technique in terms of protecting organs at risk (OARs). IPSA provides a faster and higher quality plan in cervical brachytherapy.
Consumer disputes may be resolved by non-litigation or litigation, with the latter being reserved for extreme cases. Companies are obligated to pay customers' compensation claims. The parties to a ...dispute should not be unfairly treated when the burden of evidence is not evenly distributed. In order to avoid an unfair burden of evidence mistakes that hurt other parties, the burden of proof has to be examined case by case. Law No. 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection specifies the burden of evidence in Article 28. When it comes to enforcing the law in Indonesia, doctrines are accepted sources of law from outside the country. An interesting topic for debate is the regulation and use of the res ipsa loquitur doctrine in consumer dispute resolution in Indonesia. This method has a normative legal bent. The Consumer Protection Law does not explicitly govern the res ipsa loquitur notion, even though it is acknowledged in Indonesian consumer dispute settlement. Applying res ipsa loquitur to consumer disputes may help ensure fairness, which is in line with the Consumer Protection Law's established reverse burden of proof.
CHalf: Folding Stability Made Simple Hyer, Chad D.; Lin, Hsien-Jung L.; Haderlie, Connor T. ...
Journal of proteome research,
02/2023, Volume:
22, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
The structure of a protein defines its function and integrity and correlates with the protein folding stability (PFS). Quantifying PFS allows researchers to assess differential stability of proteins ...in different disease or ligand binding states, providing insight into protein efficacy and potentially serving as a metric of protein quality. There are a number of mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods to assess PFS, such as Thermal Protein Profiling (TPP), Stability of Proteins from Rates of Oxidation (SPROX), and Iodination Protein Stability Assay (IPSA). Despite the critical value that PFS studies add to the understanding of mechanisms of disease and treatment development, proteomics research is still primarily dominated by concentration-based studies. We found that a major reason for the lack of PFS studies is the lack of a user-friendly data processing tool. Here we present the first user-friendly software, CHalf , with a graphical user interface for calculating PFS. Besides calculating site-specific PFS of a given protein from chemical denature folding stability assays, CHalf is also compatible with thermal denature folding stability assays. CHalf also includes a set of data visualization tools to help identify changes in PFS across protein sequences and in between different treatment conditions. We expect the introduction of CHalf to lower the barrier of entry for researchers to investigate PFS, promoting the usage of PFS in studies. In the long run, we expect this increase in PFS research to accelerate our understanding of the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of disease.
Esta investigación encontró divergencias en el establecimiento de la compensación pecuniaria (el quantum) de daño moral. En este sentido, el objetivo fue identificar si actualmente el Tribunal ...Superior de Justicia de Brasil exige probar el dolor o el sufrimiento para la ocurrencia de daño moral y para justificar la indemnización. Para esto, se realizaron estadísticas de juzgados con el objetivo de verificar si existe jurisprudencia sobre el tema. En este sentido, la investigación se desarrolló con enfoque cualicuantitativo (cualitativo y cuantitativo). Se realizó una revisión de la literatura para profundizar los conceptos teóricos y teorías respecto a este tema. La investigación adoptó la metodología de revisión sistemática de jurisprudencia y el método fue el inductivo. Se buscó establecer una referencia general basada en el conocimiento de cierto número de datos singulares para la elaboración de una conclusión genérica. Como resultado, la investigación ofrece la comprensión mayoritaria actual del Tribunal Superior de Justicia (STJ por sus siglas en portugués) sobre la no exigencia del elemento psíquico en las acciones de indemnización por daños morales.
The audit market is of international relevance and gives confidence to the markets. The Big Four firms (from now on, B4) have a global scope, prestige, and turnover that are not alien to the interest ...of concentrating important client portfolios. This study reviews 13 years of B4 participation in the 29 IPSA companies in Chile and includes 348 audit reports consulted. The objective is to understand the level of market concentration, reveal the story of firm and partner rotation, female participation at the signing partner level, and describe the status of the reports. The results show a high concentration of B4s in IPSA, low firm/partner turnover, low female presence, and partners exceeding time for the same entity. This study provides empirical data on this industry in Chile and proposes a discussion on the importance of auditor rotation.
El mercado de auditoría es de relevancia internacional y contribuye en darle confianza a los mercados. Las firmas Big Four (en adelante, B4) poseen un alcance internacional, prestigio y facturación que no quedan ajenas del interés de concentrar importantes carteras de clientes. Este estudio revisa 13 años de participación de las B4 en las 29 empresas IPSA en Chile e incluye 348 informes de auditoría consultados. El objetivo es comprender el nivel de concentración de mercado, revelar el nivel de rotación de firmas y socios, participación femenina a nivel de socios que firman y describir el estado de los informes. Los resultados presentan una alta concentración de B4 en IPSA, baja rotación de firmas/socios, una escasa presencia femenina y socios que exceden el tiempo para una misma entidad. Este estudio aporta datos empíricos sobre esta industria en Chile y propone una discusión sobre la importancia de la rotación del auditor.
Cíborgs: res ipsa loquitur Puig Hernández, Marc Abraham
Cuadernos electrónicos de filosofía del derecho,
12/2020
43
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
En el presente trabajo analizamos el daño desproporcionado sobre la naturaleza humana causado por el fenómeno cíborg a través de su encaje en la regla res ipsa loquitur, o la cosa habla por sí sola. ...Por un lado, fundamentamos lo que denominados naturaleza humana haciendo referencia a las iguales capacidades humanas, necesarias en el cumplimiento de funciones vitales. Por otro, esta regla recibe también el nombre de daño desproporcionado y su teoría vincula el resultado causado sobre la cosa con la lex artis de una profesión, de ahí que, para su análisis jurídico, hayamos optado por el ámbito sanitario
In jurisprudence, it is the plaintiff who shoulders the burden of proof. Res ipsa loquitur applies to all areas of tort law including medical malpractice cases. The burden of proving oneself not ...liable and adhering to the reasonable standards of care rests with the defendant doctor and the expert witness. The above is logistically the reason because the defendant doctor is more knowledgeable of the intricacies of medical complications than the patient.
In this vein, this paper proposes a novel holistic framework called the Seven ‘I's of Indicative Treatment. This framework may serve as a potential defense and safety harbor for the defendant doctor.
In its elemental form, the novel Seven ‘I's of Indicative Treatment framework comprises of: (1) referring to ‘Informed Consent’ documents; (2) providing ‘Individualized’ care; (3) being ‘Inclusive’ of the patient's social preferences; (4) ‘Inspecting’ more fiscally reasonable options; (5) considering ‘Inputs’ of the patient's relatives; (6) ‘Intellection’ of probable mishaps of treatment, proactively averting those; and (7) ‘Imbuing’ evidence-based medicine.
Foreseeably, leveraging these seven ‘I's may come to the rescue of the defendant doctor when res ipsa loquitur is invoked in medical malpractice and negligence cases.
•The different classes of co-reactant used for metal ALD/pulsed-CVD are surveyed.•ALD/pulsed-CVD reaction pathways known or proposed to be involved are discussed.•Parallels are drawn between ...ALD/pulsed-CVD and solution-based reactivity.•Applications of solution studies in metal ALD/pulsed-CVD development are discussed.•This review aims to provide a unique reactivity-based view of metal ALD/pulsed-CVD.
Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a thin film deposition technique which operates via repeated alternating and self-terminating surface-based reactions between a precursor and a co-reactant, separated in time by purge steps. This technique is particularly well-suited to the deposition of highly uniform and conformal thin films, even on surfaces with nano-scale high aspect ratio features. Furthermore, use of a metal precursor and a co-reactant in ALD and the related technique of pulsed-CVD (pulsed-chemical vapour deposition), provides the potential for deposition of materials that may be inaccessible using CVD methods that rely upon the thermal decomposition of a single metal precursor. This review surveys the different classes of co-reactant used for thermal metal ALD/pulsed-CVD with a focus on the reaction chemistries known or proposed to be involved. Parallels are drawn between surface-based metal ALD/pulsed-CVD reactivity and solution-based reactivity including electroless deposition, solution-based nanoparticle synthesis, and the synthesis of zero-valent complexes bearing labile ligands. Also described are applications of solution screening and solution mechanistic studies to the identification of promising new ALD/pulsed-CVD reactivities, and the generation of initial mechanistic hypotheses as to the fundamental reaction steps involved in metal ALD/pulsed-CVD. A primary goal of this review is to provide a unique reactivity-based perspective of metal ALD/pulsed-CVD. In addition, we have endeavoured to illustrate commonalities between solution-based and surface-based reactions relevant to metal deposition, and to highlight beneficial applications of the former to the development of the latter.
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