In order to address a lack of comprehensive evaluation of restaurant quality, this study extends Mehrabian and Russell's stimulus–organism–response framework by incorporating restaurant-specific ...stimuli and including restaurant-specific measures of emotion. Using structural equation modeling, this study shows that atmospherics and service function as stimuli that enhance positive emotions while product attributes, such as food quality, act to relieve negative emotional responses. Results also suggest that positive emotions mediate the relationship between atmospherics/services and future behavioral outcomes. The results are theoretically and practically meaningful because they address the relationships among three types of perceived quality (product, atmospherics, and service), customer emotions (positive/negative), and behavioral intentions in the restaurant consumption experience. Managerial implications, limitations, and future research directions are also suggested.
The objective of this study is to determine the stimulus that influences customer's revisit intention to the ethnic restaurant through customer-positive emotion and customer satisfaction. A total of ...388 completed surveys were obtained from customers who have visited ethnic restaurants that served foreign ethnic food, which was used for analysis and hypothesis testing with Smart PLS. Findings indicated that food, service, and ambiance qualities; facility aesthetic; spatial layout, and perceived authenticity and price have positive effects on customer-positive emotion toward ethnic restaurants. Customer satisfaction was also found to have a mediating effect between customer-positive emotions and revisit intention. In the restaurant context, the Mehrabian-Russell Model (M-R) was extended and validated the causal relationship in which all the stimulus variables positively affect the organism, which directly influences response. This contributes to the consumer behavior knowledge on the significant stimulus variables that could enhance customer-positive emotions and revisit intention to an ethnic restaurant. For restaurant operator and managers, this finding helps to draft and build effective marketing strategies to encourage the customer to revisit their restaurant.
The purposes of this study were (1) to examine the impact of environmental and non-environmental cues on patrons’ emotional responses and (2) to examine the influence of emotions on patrons’ ...behavioral intentions, as moderated by motivational orientation and hedonism. Based on a thorough literature review, 11 theoretical hypotheses were proposed and a structural model was developed. The model was then tested using data collected from 379 actual luxury restaurant patrons residing in the United States. According to the results of data analysis, it was revealed that both environmental and non-environmental cues induce patrons’ arousal in the luxury restaurant setting; however, environmental cues have a stronger impact on arousal than do non-environmental cues. More importantly, among the various environmental cues, ambient conditions were found to be the most powerful element that drives patrons’ arousal. Data analysis also revealed the positive effect of arousal on pleasure and the positive effect of pleasure on behavioral intentions. Thus, it can be interpreted that arousal is a required condition in inducing patrons’ pleasure. The moderating roles of motivational orientation and hedonism were also supported. Theoretical and practical implications based on the findings are discussed in the latter part of the study.
•Mehrabian and Russell's stimulus–organism–response framework is employed.•Utilitarian-related stimuli enhance perceived values and positive emotional responses.•Only enjoyment as a hedonic-related ...stimulus has an impact on affective states.•Perceived value has a greater impact on consumers with a high gadget-loving.•Affective state has a greater impact on consumers with a low gadget-loving.
Employing Mehrabian and Russell's stimulus–organism–response framework, this study examines how consumers’ perceived quality of interactive restaurant self-service technology (IRSST) attributes affects their cognitive and affective states and their subsequent behavioral intentions. The survey sample is 568 consumers who had experienced IRSST. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the proposed model and hypotheses. The results revealed that the functionality and customization (utilitarian-related stimuli) of IRSST enhance the consumers’ perceived values and positive emotional responses, whereas its design and enjoyment (hedonic-related stimuli) had neither a fully nor a partially significant impact on their cognitive and affective states. Regarding the moderating role of a gadget-loving propensity, while the perceived value has a greater impact on the approach behavior towards IRSST service for consumers with a high gadget-loving propensity, the affective state has a greater impact on the approach behavior towards IRSST service for consumers with a low gadget-loving propensity.
•Incorporating natural features and systems into the built environment to fulfill the human need for exposure to nature.•Learning biophilic designs elicited stronger positive emotional ...responses.•Finding biophilic designs elicited stronger behavioral responses.•Perceiving biophilic designs as being superior in quality.•Moderating effect of gender on the relationships.
Biophilic design encourages the use of natural systems and processes in the design of the built environment. By introducing biophilic elements to a hotel’s physical environment, a guest’s need for connection with nature may be fulfilled. There is a lack of studies on the effect of biophilic design in the lodging industry. The purpose of this study is to examine whether implementing biophilic design enhances guest emotional responses, perceived quality, and behavioral intentions in the context of hotels. Using the scenario-based experiment, the findings of this study have revealed that biophilic designs elicited stronger positive emotional and behavioral responses than the standard design. In addition, customers perceived hotels that had biophilic designs as being superior in quality. While stakeholders within the lodging industry continue to plan, build, change, and control a hotel’s atmospheric design, this study shows hoteliers some of the direct links between biophilic designs and guest responses.
The number of migrant workers in Taiwan has been increasing annually. Over the past decade, migrant workers have contributed to the nation’s economic growth, particularly in the construction, ...fishing, nursing, and public service sectors. Although many practitioners and scholars have articulated the significance of managing and understanding the migrant workers’ work and living conditions, research on the complex influences targeting their shopping behavior, attachment, and customer loyalty has not been steady. This study aimed to develop and empirically test a framework to examine the effects of store image, service quality, product attributes, and sales promotion on store and brand attachments, affecting customers’ loyalty to stores among migrant workers. The study employed the Mehrabian-Russell Model and attachment theory as theoretical bases. Empirical data was collected from 504 migrant workers in Taiwan through the purposive sampling technique using a questionnaire survey. Data analysis, hypotheses testing, and model validation were performed through SmartPLS 3.2.8 statistical software. The findings showed that store image and service quality were positively related to store attachment. Product attributes and sales promotion were positively related to brand attachment. Additionally, store and brand attachments are positively related to customer loyalty. Therefore, store and brand attachment were mediators linking store image, service quality, product attributes, and sales promotion to customer loyalty. According to the findings, the study offers implications and suggestions for researchers and practitioners in the retail sector, especially for retail stores related to migrant workers.
•The Mehrabian-Russell model can explain pedestrians’ avoidance behavior.•Overarousal and submissiveness evince a negative emotional response.•A negative emotional response towards infrastructure is ...related with avoidance.•Given our results, non-motorized transportation can incorporate the MRM.•Approach behaviors need to be understood within the sustainable mobility paradigm.
Social and environmental psychology provide a variety of models based on which to understand how built environments can elicit people’s behavioral responses. The Mehrabian-Russell model (MRM), initially presented in 1974, provides a framework that explains avoid–approach behavior towards a place based on a primary emotional response (PER) and affective states elicited by the perceived stimuli from the environment. However, despite the potential applications of the MRM in travel behavior studies, traditional models (e.g., discrete choice models and integrated choice latent variable) do not incorporate this specific psychological process that converts environmental stimuli into behavioral responses. Hence, this paper aims to test the applicability of MRM to urban sidewalks. To fulfill this objective, we developed a two-level structural equation model using latent variables (LV) identified from a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) based on 1056 in-person surveys on 30 different sidewalks in Bogotá, Colombia. We then evaluated the effect of the PER on declared avoidance as a proxy of behavioral intention. The CFA uncovered three LV equivalent to the three affective dimensions of the MRM—arousal, pleasure, and dominance—followed by a fourth LV, representing the PER, which explains the three previous LVs. This confirms the applicability of these kinds of psychological and environmental models in pedestrian behavior evaluation. We found that PER can explain the declared intention of avoidance towards the sidewalk in an urban setting. Proving that this kind of model can explain the way in which the built environment can elicit pedestrians’ emotional responses and subsequent behaviors, provides information that can be used as input in travel behavior studies focusing on the promotion of active traveling and mode change.
•Assess why and how weather conditions may influence consumers’ variety-seeking.•Integrate public weather data and supermarket panel data to predict variety-seeking behavior.•Low sunlight, high ...temperature and low air quality could lead to greater variety-seeking behavior.
Marketing decision support systems (MDSS) incorporate both internal and external data in performing analytics to improve business effectiveness. Weather data have long been considered a crucial external data input in practitioners’ marketing strategy; however, academic research on how weather conditions affect consumer behaviors has been limited. To fill this gap, this research investigates how weather parameters, including sunlight, temperature, and air quality, can be incorporated into MDSS to predict consumers’ variety-seeking in their purchases using public weather data and supermarket panel data for five typical retail products. Our analyses show that weather conditions are associated with greater variety-seeking behavior. The results afford insights into how to exploit weather data for data analytics and employ weather targeting strategies to save promotional expenses and increase profitability.
This study attempted to identify the crucial characteristics of Korean consumers’ seafood purchasing behavior by using an extended Mehrabian–Russell model. To construct a new analytical framework, ...the present research proposed a comprehensive research model to incorporate the quality–satisfaction–loyalty model components into the traditional Mehrabian–Russell model. A web-based survey asking consumers about their farmed Atlantic salmon purchasing experiences was conducted, resulting in 255 samples (25.5% response rate). Structural equation modeling was applied to examine hypothesized relationships among major constructs of the extended Mehrabian–Russell model. Results showed that product quality is the most influential factor to affect satisfaction, followed by service quality and facility. However, personal interaction did not affect consumers’ satisfaction statistically.
Despite the importance of emotions and psychological commitment to loyal behavior, little empirical work has been done to explore their simultaneous effects on the festival loyalty development in the ...tourism literature. Guided by Mehrabian and Russell's (1974) framework in environmental psychology, this study examined how emotions elicited from the festival environment influenced visitors' postvisit behavior. Data were collected from visitors to community festivals using the onsite and postvisit survey procedure. Results revealed that festival atmospherics had a positive indirect effect on loyalty via positive emotions, satisfaction, and psychological commitment. Based on the study findings, both practical and theoretical insights were provided.
