This report maps strategies, governance tools, institutional settings and innovative approaches used by governments across the OECD to drive and support society-wide gender equality goals. It covers ...all state institutions, including legislatures and judiciaries, and discusses the challenges faced by OECD countries in achieving long-lasting impact. Finally, the report provides policy guidance for state institutions, supported by examples of what works across the OECD. This report establishes a baseline for monitoring progress, based on the 2015 OECD Recommendation of the Council on Gender Equality in Public Life.
•The impact of oil price uncertainty on economic growth in OECD countries is studied.•Taking a historic perspective, the sample covers a 144-year period starting in 1870.•The negative impact of ...uncertainty is more severe for oil producing countries.•A smaller impact is recorded in the post-World War II subsample period.•Reasons for declining impact of oil price uncertainty are proposed.
This paper uses a number of different panel data estimators, including fixed effects, bias-corrected least squares dummy variables (LSDVC), generalised methods of moments (GMM), feasible generalised least squares (FGLS), and random coefficients (RC) to analyse the impact of real oil price volatility on the growth in real GDP for 17 member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), over a 144-year time period from 1870 to 2013. The main finding of the study is that oil price volatility has a negative and statistically significant impact on economic growth of the OECD countries in the sample. In addition, when allowing for slope heterogeneity, oil-producing countries are significantly negatively impacted by oil price uncertainty, most notably Norway and Canada.
Environmental degradation is a major challenge facing the world. Our view is that a country's productive structure, reflected through its knowledge content and technical capabilities (economic ...complexity), is strongly correlated with its environmental performance. To empirically confirm this view, the link between economic complexity and environmental performance in member countries of the Organization for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) was examined within a modified version of the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology (STIRPAT) model incorporating two alternative measures of economic complexity. The model was estimated using the fixed effects extension proposed by Driscoll and Kraay (DK‐FE) and Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimation techniques. Granger causality testing in frequency domain was also employed to examine country‐specific relationships. The sample period extended from 2007 to 2016. The study findings provided reliable empirical justification for our position. The coefficients for economic complexity in the long‐run estimations revealed that economic complexity positively impacted on environmental performance in the OECD countries. Granger causality outcomes also indicated economic complexity as a meaningful predictor of environmental performance in most of the OECD countries.
The recovery after the COVID-19 crisis requires policies and reforms that tackle inequalities and promote equal opportunities. However, the implementation of such reforms requires widespread support ...from the public. To better understand what factors drive public support, this report provides a detailed cross-country analysis of people's perceptions of and concern over inequality. It documents how concern over income disparities has risen in OECD countries over the long run. Nowadays, in most countries a large majority of the population believes that income disparities are too large and that intergenerational mobility is low. Yet, sufficient support for inequality-reducing policies may fail to arise if people do not agree on concrete policy options, or doubt the effectiveness of such policies. Moreover, even when the majority demands more equality, a divided public opinion can complicate the introduction of reforms. The report highlights how people within the same country are often divided as to the extent of inequality and what should be done to address this challenge. The report illustrates how the findings from analysis of perceptions and concerns can serve to inform policy making.
In this study, the relationship between renewable and non-renewable electricity consumption and economic growth was examined using data from the 1980–2015 period for 26 OECD countries. The ...relationship between the variables was examined using two different panel causality approaches in order to make a comparison. Time domain Granger causality tests cannot examine the causality relation at different frequencies. However, frequency domain Granger causality tests examine the causality at different frequencies. While Dumitrescu-Hurlin (2012) panel causality test is time domain causality test, the causality test developed by Croux and Reusens (2013) is the frequency domain causality test. According to the Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality test results, bidirectional causality has been determined between non-renewable electricity consumption and economic growth. On the contrary, the Croux and Reusens test results show that there is a bidirectional temporary, and permanent causality between economic growth and renewable-non-renewable electricity consumption. According to this results, for 26 OECD countries, where the feedback hypothesis is valid, policies need to be assessed not only in terms of economic growth, but also in terms of improving electricity energy supply security and environmental quality. Finally, policy-makers should promote the renewable electricity consumption to ensure energy security, reduce energy dependence, and encourage economic growth.
•The relationship between renewable and non-renewable electricity consumption and economic growth is investigated.•Launches 26 OECD countries’ data for the period 1980–2015.•Different causality approaches are used and made inferences.•Policies need to be assessed in terms of both economic growth and electricity supply.•Overall, electricity consumption is an important production factor for economic growth.
•We examine the effect of human capital on energy consumption for a panel of OECD economies over the period 1965–2014.•Our results suggest that human capital reduces aggregate energy consumption by ...15.36%.•We find that human capital is associated with a 17.33% decrease in dirty energy consumption and an 85.54% increase in clean energy consumption.•Our findings emphasize the social benefits of investing in human capital
We examine the effect of human capital on energy consumption for a panel of OECD economies over the period 1965–2014. Our preferred results, which account for cross-sectional dependence and structural breaks, suggest that a one standard deviation increase in human capital reduces aggregate energy consumption by 15.36%. When we distinguish between clean and dirty energy consumption, we find that human capital generates significant positive externalities for the environment. Specifically, we find that a one standard deviation increase in human capital is associated with a 17.33% decrease in dirty energy consumption and an 85.54% increase in clean energy consumption. Our findings reinforce the social benefits of investing in human capital and suggest a promising avenue for energy conservation without impeding economic growth.
This book describes and examines reforms of fiscal federalism and local government in 10 OECD countries implemented over the past decade. The country chapters identify common patterns and factors ...that are conducive to reforms of the intergovernmental fiscal framework, using a common methodological approach. The summary chapter highlights the cross-cutting issues emerging from the country chapters and shows the key factors in the institutional, political, economic and fiscal areas that are supporting reform success. The reports approach results in valuable insights for policy makers designing, adopting and implementing fiscal federalism and local government reforms.
This publication provides new information on public research institutions (PRIs) and government strategies. Public research institutions are crucial for innovation due to their role in knowledge ...creation and diffusion. While absolute real expenditure on RD in this sector has risen, it now accounts for a smaller share of total RD spending by OECD countries and of OECD GDP. The targets and focus of many PRIs have evolved in recent years. Changing activities, new policy challenges and wider economic and political developments have driven change in missions and mandates and linkages have become focal points for many. Internationalisation has also increased and relationships are frequently collaborative. PRIs sources of income are diverse but funding has become increasingly competitive. Funding instruments need to balance short-and long-term goals to uphold research quality and ensure the sustainability of PRI activities.
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