•The impact of export product diversification on energy efficiency is examined.•The empirical evidences confirm that export product diversification helps to mitigate the energy intensity in OECD ...countries.•Extensive and intensive margins of exports contribute to decrease energy and carbon intensity.•Urbanization is highlighted as contributor for reducing energy efficiency.•Trade openness and financial development tends to have negative impacts on energy intensity.
The present study explores the important contributors of energy efficiency in OECD countries, by taking the energy intensity and carbon intensity as a proxy of energy efficiency. Notably, we study the role of three indicators of export diversification (export product diversification, extensive margin and intensive margin) for energy intensity and carbon intensity in 29 OECD countries, which further allow us to draw new and innovative conclusions. In doing so, we use the data from 1990 to 2015 and employ alternative panel data estimations; sequential estimation, panel quantile regressions, system GMM and difference GMM, for an in-depth and detailed empirical analysis. In our empirical analysis, we robust check the impacts of export diversification on carbon intensity and investigate the role of institutional factors for energy intensity. The empirical outcomes provide robust evidence that all three indicators of export diversification help to reduce energy intensity and might be used as a policy factor in improving energy efficiency and sustainable environment. The empirical evidence further reports practical implications for policymakers and environmental scientists to achieve the greener growth, energy efficiency and sustainable development goals (SDG's) of OECD countries.
The recovery after the COVID-19 crisis requires policies and reforms that tackle inequalities and promote equal opportunities. However, the implementation of such reforms requires widespread support ...from the public. To better understand what factors drive public support, this report provides a detailed cross-country analysis of people's perceptions of and concern over inequality. It documents how concern over income disparities has risen in OECD countries over the long run. Nowadays, in most countries a large majority of the population believes that income disparities are too large and that intergenerational mobility is low. Yet, sufficient support for inequality-reducing policies may fail to arise if people do not agree on concrete policy options, or doubt the effectiveness of such policies. Moreover, even when the majority demands more equality, a divided public opinion can complicate the introduction of reforms. The report highlights how people within the same country are often divided as to the extent of inequality and what should be done to address this challenge. The report illustrates how the findings from analysis of perceptions and concerns can serve to inform policy making.
In OECD countries, agriculture uses on average over 40% of land and water resources, and thus has significant affect on the environment. This report provides the latest and most comprehensive data ...and analysis on the environmental performance of agriculture in OECD countries since 1990. It covers key environmental themes including soil, water, air and biodiversity and looks at recent policy developments in all 30 countries. Over recent years the environmental performance of agriculture has improved in many countries, largely due to consumer pressure and changing public opinion. Many OECD countries are now tracking the environmental performance of agriculture, which is informing policy makers and society on the trends in agri-environmental conditions, and can provide a valuable aid to policy analysis. The indicators in this report provide crucial information to monitor and analyse the wide range of policy measures used in agriculture today, and how they are affecting the environment. Did You Know? In OECD countries, agriculture uses on average 40% of land and water resources.
Environmental degradation is a major challenge facing the world. Our view is that a country's productive structure, reflected through its knowledge content and technical capabilities (economic ...complexity), is strongly correlated with its environmental performance. To empirically confirm this view, the link between economic complexity and environmental performance in member countries of the Organization for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) was examined within a modified version of the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology (STIRPAT) model incorporating two alternative measures of economic complexity. The model was estimated using the fixed effects extension proposed by Driscoll and Kraay (DK‐FE) and Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimation techniques. Granger causality testing in frequency domain was also employed to examine country‐specific relationships. The sample period extended from 2007 to 2016. The study findings provided reliable empirical justification for our position. The coefficients for economic complexity in the long‐run estimations revealed that economic complexity positively impacted on environmental performance in the OECD countries. Granger causality outcomes also indicated economic complexity as a meaningful predictor of environmental performance in most of the OECD countries.
Environment-economic growth nexus is one of the main concerns of the researchers in the modern era. Although there are several studies in this field, discussions are far from being reached a ...consensus. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the role of economic growth, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, oil prices, and trade openness on CO2 emissions in 25 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries over the period 1990–2014. We provide a comparative panel data evidence using both the first- and second-generation estimation methods. The Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) estimations indicate that the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis is valid in OECD countries. However, the Augmented Mean Group (AMG) estimator revealed that the EKC hypothesis is invalid. The AMG estimator is a second-generation estimator and provides robust results under cross-sectional dependence compared to the first-generation methods; therefore, the EKC hypothesis is invalid. Our additional findings show that rising renewable energy consumption and oil prices mitigate CO2 emissions while non-renewable energy consumption increases it according to all estimators. No significant relationship is found between trade openness and CO2 emissions.
In this study, the relationship between renewable and non-renewable electricity consumption and economic growth was examined using data from the 1980–2015 period for 26 OECD countries. The ...relationship between the variables was examined using two different panel causality approaches in order to make a comparison. Time domain Granger causality tests cannot examine the causality relation at different frequencies. However, frequency domain Granger causality tests examine the causality at different frequencies. While Dumitrescu-Hurlin (2012) panel causality test is time domain causality test, the causality test developed by Croux and Reusens (2013) is the frequency domain causality test. According to the Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality test results, bidirectional causality has been determined between non-renewable electricity consumption and economic growth. On the contrary, the Croux and Reusens test results show that there is a bidirectional temporary, and permanent causality between economic growth and renewable-non-renewable electricity consumption. According to this results, for 26 OECD countries, where the feedback hypothesis is valid, policies need to be assessed not only in terms of economic growth, but also in terms of improving electricity energy supply security and environmental quality. Finally, policy-makers should promote the renewable electricity consumption to ensure energy security, reduce energy dependence, and encourage economic growth.
•The relationship between renewable and non-renewable electricity consumption and economic growth is investigated.•Launches 26 OECD countries’ data for the period 1980–2015.•Different causality approaches are used and made inferences.•Policies need to be assessed in terms of both economic growth and electricity supply.•Overall, electricity consumption is an important production factor for economic growth.
•The impact of oil price uncertainty on economic growth in OECD countries is studied.•Taking a historic perspective, the sample covers a 144-year period starting in 1870.•The negative impact of ...uncertainty is more severe for oil producing countries.•A smaller impact is recorded in the post-World War II subsample period.•Reasons for declining impact of oil price uncertainty are proposed.
This paper uses a number of different panel data estimators, including fixed effects, bias-corrected least squares dummy variables (LSDVC), generalised methods of moments (GMM), feasible generalised least squares (FGLS), and random coefficients (RC) to analyse the impact of real oil price volatility on the growth in real GDP for 17 member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), over a 144-year time period from 1870 to 2013. The main finding of the study is that oil price volatility has a negative and statistically significant impact on economic growth of the OECD countries in the sample. In addition, when allowing for slope heterogeneity, oil-producing countries are significantly negatively impacted by oil price uncertainty, most notably Norway and Canada.
This book describes and examines reforms of fiscal federalism and local government in 10 OECD countries implemented over the past decade. The country chapters identify common patterns and factors ...that are conducive to reforms of the intergovernmental fiscal framework, using a common methodological approach. The summary chapter highlights the cross-cutting issues emerging from the country chapters and shows the key factors in the institutional, political, economic and fiscal areas that are supporting reform success. The reports approach results in valuable insights for policy makers designing, adopting and implementing fiscal federalism and local government reforms.
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