Durante más de cien años se ha investigado extensamente el estudio de las partes involucradas en un delito, convirtiéndose en un tema crucial en el ámbito del derecho penal. A pesar de que existe una ...cantidad considerable de investigaciones sobre esta cuestión en los sistemas de common law y de civil law, se ha notado una notable falta de interés en los estudios de derecho comparado entre ambos sistemas. Este trabajo presenta un estudio de derecho comparado entre los modelos mencionados, ofreciendo un análisis paralelo y analítico para comprender su aplicación y los desafíos asociados a la implementación de estas categorías. Estas categorías son cada vez más universales en el pensamiento y la política criminal occidentales, lo que hace que este análisis sea sistemático, complejo y articulado. El análisis se centrará en el Código Penal alemán interpretado a la luz de la teoría del dominio del hecho y el Código Penal Modelo, sirviendo como instrumento armonizador de diversos códigos penales imperantes en los Estados Unidos. Se destacará la necesidad de realizar estudios comparativos sobre el derecho penal de los Estados Unidos y el Código Penal alemán. Con la internacionalización del derecho penal, los estudios comparativos se vuelven imprescindibles, ya que es en este ámbito donde se produce el choque de culturas jurídicas. Un estudio comparativo entre ambos modelos pretende determinar en qué medida cada sistema presenta similitudes y diferencias. Este estudio busca proporcionar una comprensión más profunda de las similitudes y diferencias entre los sistemas del Código Penal Modelo (common law) y el Código Penal alemán (civil law) con el objetivo de exponer en qué medida difieren para, de esa forma, mejorar la aplicación de las categorías penales en un contexto de internacionalización.
The Islamic State of Iraq and Sham (and hereafter ISIS) is a globally renowned terrorist organisation. Although it was defeated in 2019, its threat continues to loom over the world. Even amidst the ...current global pandemic caused by COVID-19, there is no indication that ISIS will cease its acts of terror. As we enter a post-COVID era and strive for normalcy, it remains imperative for international societies to remain vigilant and stay informed about recent developments related to extremist groups like ISIS. When discussing ISIS, there is often a focus on the cruel acts committed by the group during times of war and their underlying ideological motivations for these brutalities. Images and videos depicting these horrific acts have circulated widely on social media platforms and continue to be extensively discussed by the public. The incorporation of Islamic law into the penal code during ISIS rule raises crucial questions about its integration. Understanding Islamic history and law in non-Muslim contexts is essential for addressing public misconceptions and negative stereotypes towards Muslims. It is important to distinguish between ordinary Muslims and extremist groups like ISIS, as their association with terrorism can perpetuate misunderstanding among non-Muslims. This article aims to clarify the application of Islamic law in the penal code implemented by ISIS. It assumes that readers may not have a comprehensive understanding of Islamic law and how it was utilised by ISIS in areas they controlled during times of conflict. This discussion will begin with an explanation of Islamic law, followed by an outline of the penal code enforced within these occupied zones, and finally delve into its sociological and cognitive implications for interpreting Islam.
The article discusses the issue of extension the limitation period for criminal offenses, in the case where proceedings in the case have been initiated. The paper presents the issues related to the ...introduction of the above regulation, the premises for extending the limitation period, as well as issues related to the issue of supplementing the order to initiate an investigation or investigation. De lege ferenda concludes with complete application.
Literature continues to document the ways in which Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Questioning (LGBTQI) communities continue to grapple with or face unprecedented abuse in many nations of the ...world. Members of LGBTQI groups are reported to face discrimination and legal obstacles in countries like Indonesia, since its socio-cultural norms acquiescently discourage homosexuality or gender transitioning in any form. Furthermore, recent amendments to Indonesia's Penal Code, which contain provisions that may endanger the lives and safety of LGBTQI communities in unprecedented ways, have shown that such norms, if relentlessly upheld, strongly influences the direction of public policy. In light of such harmful provisions, one could argue that the rights of the LGBTQI community in Indonesia are being slowly but agonizingly crucified, perhaps analogous to the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. The primary proponents of this symbolic crucifixion, who conceal their intentions behind legislative modifications, seem to be politically motivated Islamic religious conservatives who publicly oppose LGBTQI rights. In light of these occurrences, this paper employs the Missio Politica framework and literature reviews to investigate the new Indonesian Penal Code and assess whether or not it violates the internationally acknowledged rights of the LGBTQI community. Drawing from literary works, it uses the term "crucifixion" in a metaphorical manner to emphasize the radical ways in which Islamic conservatism has violated LGBTQI rights over the years, and how these violations are now being formalized through Indonesia's new penal code. To be clear, this paper's accusations are not directed against Islamic teachings per se, but rather against intolerant Islamic conservatives who view LGBTQI preferences as ‘crucifiable’ sin and advocate for change of state laws to reflect such harmful sentiments. Overall, it is argued that certain sections of the recently enacted Indonesian Penal Code not only offend the LGBTQI community, but also undermine the redemptive goals of missio Dei in that country while having global contagion effects. The scope of this paper requires more research as not as much has been done to assess how certain recently enacted provisions of the Indonesian Penal Code impact LGBTQI rights in the context of fulfilling the redemptive goals of the missio Dei.
Sometimes persons are legally responsible for reckless behavior that causes criminal harm. This is the case under the newly drafted provisions of the U.S. Model Penal Code (MPC), which holds persons ...responsible for “simple” rape (nonconsensual sex without proof of force or threats of force), where the offender recklessly disregards the risk that the victim does not consent. In this paper we offer an explanation and corrective critique of the handling of reckless rape cases, with a focus on the U.S. criminal justice system, although our analysis is applicable more broadly. We argue that a wider group of reckless rapists are criminally responsible than is captured by the MPC and claim criminal punishment of reckless rapists must be justified by looking to both moral desert and instrumental aims achieved by criminal punishment. Part of the law’s job is to communicate and enforce society’s expectations regarding unacceptable behavior. In punishing reckless rape, we are not just giving people what they deserve, but also reinforcing and shaping norms regarding sexual behavior.
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