This Element presents the history, research, and future potential for an alternative and effective model of policing called 'legitimacy-based policing'. This model is driven by social psychology ...theory and informed by research findings showing that legitimacy of the police shapes public acceptance of police decisions, willingness to cooperate with the police, and citizen engagement in communities. Police legitimacy is found to be strongly tied to the level of fairness exercised by police authority, i.e. to procedural justice. Taken together these two ideas create an alternative framework for policing that relies upon the policed community's willing acceptance of and cooperation with the law. Studies show that this framework is as effective in lowering crime as the traditional carceral paradigm, an approach that relies on the threat or use of force to motivate compliance. It is also more effective in motivating willing cooperation and in encouraging people to engage in their communities in ways that promote social, economic and political development. We demonstrate that adopting this model benefits police departments and police officers as well as promoting community vitality.
Research has found occupational aspirations to lead to several positive career and employment outcomes in contexts of high personal agency. However, an investigation into occupational aspirations in ...contexts of high uncertainty is lacking in the literature. To fill this gap, I investigated occupational aspirations among overqualified policemen whose career plans have been shattered. Specifically, guided by the Compensatory Control Theory (CCT), I investigated the influence of work-related low personal control and belief in a controlling God on occupational aspirations. The study is cross-sectional, and the sample size is 407 policemen drawn from different state commands of the Nigerian Police Force (NPF). The data were analyzed using (Hayes, A. F. 2018. Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2nd ed). New York: Guilford Press) PROCESS macro, model 58. The study findings include the following. First, career-related low personal control led to more belief in a controlling God. Second, individuals high in belief in a controlling God were also high in occupational aspirations. Third, belief in a controlling God mediated the relationship between low personal control and occupational aspirations. Finally, I found that overqualified policemen who were lower in personal control had more belief in a controlling God and more occupational aspirations than those with low personal control. Theoretically, this study extends extant literature on the antecedents of occupational aspirations and practically highlights the positive impact of religious belief on occupational aspirations in contexts of high uncertainty.
The authors have more than 100 years of collective experience in assisting police unions. It all seemed so simple and formulaic. A social movement that had been lingering for decades reached a ...tipping point, and unions now had their greatest challenge ever. The last 5 years have seen what unions would describe as apocalyptic demands for reforms. Union leaders ranted about a war on the police, the end of the profession, and increasing hostility towards the police by the liberal media and politicians. Unions must change the way they do business if they want to survive. This book identifies the who, what and why of the reform movement, how to mount an effective political campaign, the complexities of an effective message, and the reasons police union leaders succeed and fail. This book is divided into five primary parts, each of which explores a police profession under attack from reform activists, left leaning media, politically correct chiefs, and weak mayors and councils afraid to push back against unrealistic and overreaching demands for reforms. Part I focuses on viewing reform as a social movement. Part II examines the battle between unions and reform activists. Part III unravels the mysterious world of police unions. Part IV predicts the future of the reform movement and police unions in light of the struggle taking place nationwide, and finally, Part V are case studies, perspectives and predictions from contributing authors who are on the front lines of the police labor movement in the U.S. and Australia. By following the superb analysis and creative ideas in this book, police union leaders, police management, law enforcement personnel, criminal justice professors and policymakers will see a path to reaching an accord on reform and advancing the police profession.
In the 1920s, revolution, war, and imperialist aggression brought chaos to China. Many of the dramatic events associated with this upheaval took place in or near China's cities. Bound together by ...rail, telegraph, and a shared urban mentality, cities like Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Beijing formed an arena in which the great issues of the day--the quest for social and civil peace, the defense of popular and national sovereignty, and the search for a distinctively modern Chinese society--were debated and fought over. People were drawn into this conflicts because they knew that the passage of armies, the marching of protesters, the pontificating of intellectual, and the opening and closing of factories could change their lives. David Strand offers a penetrating view of the old walled capital of Beijing during these years by examining how the residents coped with the changes wrought by itinerant soldiers and politicians and by the accelerating movement of ideas, capital, and technology. By looking at the political experiences of ordinary citizens, including rickshaw pullers, policemen, trade unionists, and Buddhist monks, Strand provides fascinating insights into how deeply these forces were felt. The resulting portrait of early twentieth-century Chinese urban society stresses the growing political sophistication of ordinary people educated by mass movements, group politics, and participation in a shared, urban culture that mixed opera and demonstrations, newspaper reading and teahouse socializing. Surprisingly, in the course of absorbing new ways of living, working, and doing politics, much of the old society was preserved--everything seemed to change and yet little of value was discarded. Through tumultuous times, Beijing rose from a base of local and popular politics to form a bridge linking a traditional world of guilds and gentry elites with the contemporary world of corporatism and cadres.
Purpose
There has been a growing concern about employee silence (ES) within an organization. ES is associated with low creativity and innovativeness, unethical organizational practices, avoidable ...errors and safety-related issues. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the mediating role of psychological insecurity (PI) in the relationship between leaders’ bullying behaviour (LBB) on defensive (DES) and acquiescent employee silence (AES).
Design/methodology/approach
Data were collected among police personnel working in Plateau state Nigeria. In all, a total of 350 responses were found useable for further analysis, of the 398 copies of the questionnaire administered. A structural equation modelling technique was used via SMART-PLS version 3.3.3 to test the hypothesized relationship.
Findings
The findings of this study revealed that leaders’ bullying positively and significantly influences both AES and DES, and PI was found to mediate the relationship between LBB and AES and DES.
Originality/value
LBB among the police has been under-researched, even when there is clear evidence of its existence. PI explains the mechanism through which LBB influences officers' silence.
Oral health is inevitably important as that of general health. Besides, The Oral cavity is regarded as ‘The mirror’ of general health as the oral manifestations acts as a delegate of the body’s ...maladies. Oral hygiene is the habit of maintaining the mouth and teeth clean to get rid of dental problems such as dental caries, gingivitis, and Halitosis. Military (Armed forces, Air forces, Navy forces) and Policing are few of the most challenging occupations. As continual work pressure and stress exists among the police personnel in regulating the law and order, they tend to neglect their General health and also oral health. The aim of the survey based study has been carried out to analyse the oral hygiene practices followed by police personnel in Mayiladuthurai during their stressful lifestyle. This survey consists of 100 policemen. 15 self-administered questionnaires were prepared in google forms and distributed via online means. Descriptive statistics was carried out. Chi square analysis along with correlation was done. The results were expressed in the form of pie charts and bar graphs. This study concluded that there exists a moderate level of awareness regarding oral hygiene practices among the policemen in Mayiladuthurai. Moreover, public healthcare programmes and demonstrations can be held to establish furthermore knowledge about oral hygiene practices.
A comprehensive analysis of "readiness for change" and "tolerance for uncertainty" phenomena in the field of psychological science is presented. Theoretical investigations have shown that the ...outlined concepts have been widely considered in the works of domestic and foreign scientists. The aim of the work was to empirically study of the readiness for change in the relationship with the components of tolerance for uncertainty in police officers of the special police units with different levels of resilience.
The following psychodiagnostic tools were used in the study: "Resilience test" (O. Rylska), "Personal readiness for change" (Rolnik, Heather, Gold, Hull in adaptation by N. Bazhanova and G. Bardier), "Questionnaire of tolerance to uncertainty" (C Badner in adaptation by G. Soldatova), "Scale of general tolerance to uncertainty" (D. McLain in adaptation by E. Osin) and "New questionnaire of tolerance to uncertainty" (T. Kornilova). For mathematical and statistical processing, cluster analysis using the method of k-means on the principle of "close neighbors" and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient were used. The sample consisted of 84 police officers of the Rapid Response Corps (KORD). With the use of the test for measuring the level of resilience, the author of which is O. Rylska, and with the help of cluster analysis by the method of k-means on the principle of " close neighbors", groups with different levels of resilience were formed. The first group (with a high level) consisted of 28 subjects, the second group (with a low level) included 24 subjects. 32 respondents with an average level of the indicator were excluded from further research. During the study, significant relationships were found between the mentioned phenomena in the police groups studied. The results showed that special forces with a high level of resilience are able to act effectively in conditions of uncertainty, accept changes and bring them into professional activity.
They are psychologically stable, enterprising, responsible and prone to perceive problems as a stimulus to development. Special forces with a low level of resilience have a harder time withstanding difficulties at work, because they feel discomfort in situations that they cannot control, which significantly reduces their effectiveness. However, the actions of the police of the second group are clearer, consistent and thoughtful.
Introduction:
Air pollution is a major environment related health threat. Air quality crisis in Indian cities is mainly due to emission from vehicles which include various particles and gases from ...vehicular emission. Traffic policemen who work in the busy traffic signal areas for years together are constantly exposed to this pollutant making them susceptible to its adverse effects, like respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.
Objectives:
To compare different parameters of pulmonary function test (PFT) between non-smoker controls and non-smoker traffic policemen, and also between smoker controls and smoker traffic policemen.
Methods:
This study was carried out in Department of Physiology among the government servants not exposed to traffic pollution and traffic policemen exposed to vehicular pollution. PFT was conducted in both these groups and parameters like vital capacity (VC), FEV1-force expiratory volume at the end of 1 second, ratio of forced expiratory volume at first second to forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC%), mid-expiratory flow rate (FEV25-75%) and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) were measured and compared between these two groups.
Results:
In the present study, traffic policemen (non smoker) showed a statistically significant reduction in VC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC%, FEV25-75, and PEFR compared to controls (non smoker) whereas traffic policemen (smoker) showed a statistically significant reduction in VC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC%, FEV25-75%, and PEFR compared to controls (smoker).
Conclusion:
Significant reduction in all the parameters in traffic policemen compared to control group proves that preventive measures like pollution masks, regular breathing exercises, etc., have to be implemented at the workplace to reduce health hazards of continuous exposure to traffic dust.
Policing China Scoggins, Suzanne E
2021, 2021-06-15
eBook
In Policing China, Suzanne E. Scoggins delves into the paradox of China's self-projection of a strong security state while having a weak police bureaucracy. Assessing the problems of resources, ...enforcement, and oversight that beset the police, outside of cracking down on political protests, Scoggins finds that the central government and the Ministry of Public Security have prioritized "stability maintenance" (weiwen) to the detriment of nearly every aspect of policing. The result, she argues, is a hollowed out and ineffective police force that struggles to deal with everyday crime. Using interviews with police officers up and down the hierarchy, as well as station data, news reports, and social media postings, Scoggins probes the challenges faced by ground-level officers and their superiors at the Ministry of Public Security as they attempt to do their jobs in the face of funding limitations, reform challenges, and structural issues. Policing China concludes that despite the social control exerted by China's powerful bureaucracies, security failures at the street level have undermined Chinese citizens' trust in the legitimacy of the police and the capabilities of the state.
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