To investigate the correlation between the air phthalate acid ester (PAE) exposure and serum PAE concentration and the effects of PAE exposure on reproductive health among Chongqing traffic-patrol ...policemen. In 2013, 32 traffic-patrol policemen working in an area with poor air quality in Chongqing and 28 traffic-patrol policemen working in an area with good air quality were selected. Their blood levels of 14 PAEs and six reproductive hormones were determined. Air samples were collected from four traffic-patrol platforms. The concentrations of 14 PAEs in the air samples were evaluated. All 14 PAEs were detected in the blood samples. The concentrations of seven PAEs in the total suspended particulate, namely, dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, bis (2-ethox-yethyl) phthalate, dihexyl phthalate, benzyl butyl phthalate, and bis (2-n-butoxyethyl) phthalate, were positively and significantly associated with the blood levels of these PAEs in the participants. All the sex hormone levels measured here were significantly different between the participants from the two areas. The PAE concentrations in the blood samples were correlated with the reproductive hormone levels in the participants. Air PAE pollution may be a major source of PAE exposure in the traffic-patrol policemen of Chongqing.
Policemen and firefighters encounter numerous emergency events that frequently lead to high burnout and low job support, resulting in adverse health effects. A number of studies reported the ...correlation between job characteristics and the risk of peptic ulcer diseases (PUD) across various industries. However, there is very little research on evaluating the interaction effects of burnout and job support on the prevalence of PUD among firefighters and policemen. The objective of this study was to assess the interactional effects between burnout and job support on the prevalence of PUD among firefighters and policemen. This was a cross-sectional quantitative study. Registered, full-time police officers and firefighters in Taiwan were anonymously interviewed by a mail-delivered questionnaire. All female workers were excluded due to different job characteristics and a limited sample size. A total of 9328 firefighters and 42,798 policemen completed the questionnaire, with a response rate of 78.7%. Overall, prevalence rates of self-reported and self-reports of physician-diagnosed PUD were 8.3% and 6.5% for policemen and 7.1% and 5.5% for firefighters, respectively. There was a 22% reduced odds ratio of PUD as diagnosed by physicians for the group with low burnout and high job support, but an increased odds ratio of 53% for the group with high burnout and low job support, after adjusting for lifestyle and demographic variables. There must be an increase of job support and reduction of burnout through the modification of work structure and setting up of counseling services to reduce workplace stress and the prevalence of PUD among policemen and firefighters.
Context: Arsenic is a ubiquitous element present in urban air as a pollutant, and it may interfere with thyroid hormones. Objective: To evaluate the association between the personal exposure to ...arsenic and levels of TSH, fT4, fT3, and Tg in urban and rural workers. Materials and methods: Total urinary arsenic and thyroid markers were obtained from 108 non-smoking traffic policemen and 77 subjects working as roadmen in a rural area. Fifty subjects were monitored to evaluate airborne exposure to arsenic. Results: The mean value of exposure to arsenic was 2.9 µg/m3 in traffic policemen, while the mean value was less than 0.1 µg/m3 in roadmen. The mean values of urinary arsenic (10.4 μg/g creatinine vs. 5.2 μg/g creatinine; p = 0.000), TSH (1.6 µlU/ml vs. 1.3 µlU/ml; p = 0.006), fT3 (3.5 pg/ml vs. 3.7 pg/ml; p = 0.000), fT4 (1.2 ng/dl vs. 1.3 ng/dl; p = 0.000) and Tg (42.8 ng/ml vs. 36.1 ng/ml; p = 0.04) were significantly different between traffic policemen and roadmen. In traffic policemen, urinary arsenic and arsenic in the air were correlated to the airborne arsenic and TSH values, respectively. Urinary arsenic was correlated to TSH, Tg, fT3, and fT4 values. The multiple linear regression models showed the following associations: i) among urinary arsenic, arsenic in the air and job title; ii) among TSH, fT3, Tg and urinary arsenic; and iii) between fT4 and both urinary arsenic and alcohol intake. Conclusion: These results provide information about the relationship between exposure to arsenic and thyroid markers and may be useful for other categories of outdoor workers who are similarly exposed.
This book brings to the forefront the realization that a successful police career involves not only surviving the danger involved in policing but also psychological survival. In this book, a mixed ...approach is employed that includes research and some practical suggestions from practitioners on how best to deal with the police health crisis. It is based on research associated with police mental health together with the subsequent effects on officers' performance, physical health, and lifestyle.
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the health effect of heavy metal pollution in air pollutants on traffic policemen. This study will facilitate the scientific evaluation of health status of ...traffic policemen. PM
10
samples were collected from industrial area, congested traffic area and residential area respectively in Nanchang City, and the concentrations of heavy metals were analyzed. The traffic policemen were examined through chest X-rays. The total of 637 urine samples and 142 blood samples have been collected, and the concentrations of Pb in samples were detected. Vehicle flux data of Nanchang City were collected from the Department of Transport’s Traffic Management. Statistic analyses were carried out by statistics software of Excel 2003 and SPSS20.0, and the health effect of heavy metal pollution of PM
10
on the traffic policemen was evaluated. The discharge of pollutants from enterprises is an important reason for the high content of heavy metals in urban air pollution. With the rapid growth of urban traffic flow, Bayi Bridge becomes an important transportation hinge in Nanchang City, and the bidirectional traffic flow rate through the bridge at peak hours reached 99 vehicles per minute. The latent hazard of occupational harm on the traffic policemen caused by automobile exhaust is increasing. The concentration of Pb in the urine and blood samples from traffic policemen working in Nanchang City was 268.310 ± 177.031 and 22.873 ± 21.137 μg/L, respectively. Both results (2.04% of Pb in urine and 18.31% of Pb in blood) exceeded the highest limit of observed occupationally outdoor workers. This study provides an initial contribution for the assessment of city air pollution, esp. the health effect of heavy metal (Pb) pollution on traffic policemen.
The Long Year Sugrue, Thomas J; Zaloom, Caitlin; Horowitz, Andy ...
01/2022
eBook
Some years-1789, 1929, 1989-change the world suddenly. Or do they?
In 2020, a pandemic converged with an economic collapse,
inequalities exploded, and institutions weakened. Yet these crises
sprang ...not from new risks but from known dangers. The world-like
many patients-met 2020 with a host of preexisting conditions, which
together tilted the odds toward disaster. Perhaps 2020 wasn't the
year the world changed; perhaps it was simply the moment the world
finally understood its deadly diagnosis. In The Long Year ,
some of the world's most incisive thinkers excavate 2020's buried
crises, revealing how they must be confronted in order to achieve a
more equal future. Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor calls for the defunding
of police and the refunding of communities; Keisha Blain
demonstrates why the battle against racism must be global; and Adam
Tooze reveals that COVID-19 hit hardest where inequality was
already greatest and welfare states weakest. Yarimar Bonilla,
Xiaowei Wang, Simon Balto, Marcia Chatelain, Gautam Bhan, Ananya
Roy, and others offer insights from the factory farms of China to
the elite resorts of France, the meatpacking plants of the Midwest
to the overcrowded hospitals of India. The definitive guide to
these ongoing catastrophes, The Long Year shows that only
by exposing the roots and ramifications of 2020 can another such
breakdown be prevented. It is made possible through institutional
partnerships with Public Books and the Social Science Research
Council.
The objective of this study was to determine benzene and 1,3-butadiene exposure through ambient air and personal air monitoring, as well as through biomarkers of exposure, and to evaluate the ...potential health risk of exposure through the use of biomarkers of early biological effects in central Bangkok traffic policemen. Ambient air concentrations of benzene and 1,3-butadiene at the roadsides were significantly higher than in police offices used as control sites (
p
<
0.001). Traffic policemen had a significantly higher exposure to benzene (median 38.62
μg/m
3) and 1,3-butadiene (median 3.08
μg/m
3) than office policemen (median 6.17
μg/m
3 for benzene and 0.37
μg/m
3 for 1,3-butadiene) (
p
<
0.001). Biomarkers of benzene exposure, blood benzene, and urinary metabolite,
trans, trans-muconic acid were significantly higher in traffic policemen than office policemen (
p
<
0.001). No significant difference between traffic and office policemen was found in urinary benzene metabolite,
S-phenyl mercapturic acid, or in urinary 1,3-butadiene metabolite, monohydroxy-butenyl mercapturic acid. Biomarkers of early biological effects, 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine in leukocytes (8-OHdG), DNA-strand breaks, and DNA-repair capacity, measured as an increase in gamma ray-induced chromosome aberrations were significantly higher in traffic policemen than controls (
p
<
0.001 for 8-OHdG,
p
<
0.01 for tail length,
p
<
0.001 for olive tail moment,
p
<
0.05 for dicentrics and
p
<
0.01 for deletions). Multiple regression model including individual exposure, biomarkers of exposure, ages and years of work as independent variables showed that only the levels of individual 1,3-butadiene exposure were significantly associated with 8-OHdG and olive tail moment at
p
<
0.0001 indicating more influence of 1,3-butadiene on DNA damage. These results indicated that traffic policemen, who are exposed to benzene and 1,3-butadiene at the roadside in central Bangkok, are potentially at a higher risk for development of diseases such as cancer than office policemen.
This book explores how predictive policing transforms police work. Police departments around the world have started to use data-driven applications to produce crime forecasts and intervene into the ...future through targeted prevention measures. Based on three years of field research in Germany and Switzerland, this book provides a theoretically sophisticated and empirically detailed account of how the police produce and act upon criminal futures as part of their everyday work practices. The authors argue that predictive policing must not be analyzed as an isolated technological artifact, but as part of a larger sociotechnical system that is embedded in organizational structures and occupational cultures. The book highlights how, for crime prediction software to come to matter and play a role in more efficient and targeted police work, several translation processes are needed to align human and nonhuman actors across different divisions of police work. Police work is a key function for the production and maintenance of public order, but it can also discriminate, exclude, and violate civil liberties and human rights. When criminal futures come into being in the form of algorithmically produced risk estimates, this can have wide-ranging consequences. Building on empirical findings, the book presents a number of practical recommendations for the prudent use of algorithmic analysis tools in police work that will speak to the protection of civil liberties and human rights as much as they will speak to the professional needs of police organizations. An accessible and compelling read, this book will appeal to students and scholars of criminology, sociology, and cultural studies as well as to police practitioners and civil liberties advocates, in addition to all those who are interested in how to implement reasonable forms of data-driven policing.
•We use an actor-based approach to conceptualise controlling strategy.•Functional areas are conceptualised as topoi following pragmatic constructivism.•Tensions are used in a dialectical ...manner.•Model is illustrated using evidence from the hospitality industry.•The functional area acting as “corporate policeman” varies between cases.
Controlling strategy has been portrayed as a matter of managing tensions. But what are these tensions and how do they arise in firms? In this paper, organisational strategy is represented by a target operating model that is maintained by dialectical relationships between functional areas. Using a pragmatic constructivist framework, the functional areas may be conceptualised as specialised managerial topoi. Drawing on field work in the hospitality industry, the paper employs an actor-based research methodology to show that organisational tensions may develop out of conflicts between the different goals and logics associated with the various functional areas such as marketing, sales, revenue management and finance. Although there was evidence of accountants acting as custodians of the budgetary system, in some situations, other functional areas such as marketing or revenue management seemed to be the corporate policemen as they protected the corporate brand against unplanned price discounting or short term cost saving tactics. Rather than seeing functional specialisation as a disruptive obstacle to organisational coherence, the paper presents arguments and evidence which suggest that with the deployment of the principles of dialectical management, tensions between the different business functions can enhance strategic control and development.
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