Assuming foundational knowledge of special and general relativity, this book guides the reader on issues surrounding black holes, wormholes, cosmology, and extra dimensions. Its first part is devoted ...to local strong field configurations (black holes and wormholes) in general relativity and the most relevant of alternative theories: scalar–tensor, f(R) and multidimensional theories. The second part is on cosmology, including inflation and a unified description of the whole evolution of the universe. The third part concerns multidimensional theories of gravity and contains a number of original results obtained by the authors. Expository work is conducted for a mechanism of symmetries and fundamental constants formation, while the original approach to nonlinear multidimensional gravity that is able to construct a unique perspective describing different phenomena is highlighted.
A student-friendly style, over 100 illustrations, and numerous exercises are brought together in this textbook for advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate students in physics and mathematics. ...Lewis Ryder develops the theory of general relativity in detail. Covering the core topics of black holes, gravitational radiation, and cosmology, he provides an overview of general relativity and its modern ramifications. The book contains chapters on gravitational radiation, cosmology, and connections between general relativity and the fundamental physics of the microworld. It explains the geometry of curved spaces and contains key solutions of Einstein's equations - the Schwarzschild and Kerr solutions. Mathematical calculations are worked out in detail, so students can develop an intuitive understanding of the subject, as well as learn how to perform calculations. The book also includes topics concerned with the relation between general relativity and other areas of fundamental physics. Password protected solutions for instructors are available at www.cambridge.org/9780521845632.
Einstein's general theory of relativity is introduced in this advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate level textbook. Topics include special relativity, the principle of equivalence, Riemannian ...geometry and tensor analysis, Einstein field equation, as well as many modern cosmological subjects: from primordial inflation, cosmic microwave anisotropy to the dark energy that propels an accelerating universe. The subjects are presented with an emphasis on physical examples and simple applications. One first learns how to describe curved spacetime. At this mathematically more accessible level, the reader can already study the many interesting phenomena such as gravitational lensing, black holes, and cosmology. The full tensor formulation is presented later, when the Einstein equation is solved for a few symmetric cases. Mathematical accessibility, together with the various pedagogical devices (e.g., worked-out solutions of chapter-end problems), make it practical for interested readers to use the book to study general relativity and cosmology on their own. In this new edition of the book, presentations on special relativity and black holes are augmented by new chapters. Other parts of the book are updated to include new observation tests of general relativity (e.g., the double pular system) and more recent evidence for dark matter and dark energy.
We study the problem of matching interior and exterior solutions to Einstein’s equations along a particular hypersurface. We present the main aspects of the Csup.3 matching approach that involve ...third-order derivatives of the corresponding metric tensors in contrast to the standard Csup.2 matching procedures known in general relativity, which impose conditions on the second-order derivatives only. The Csup.3 alternative approach does not depend on coordinates and allows us to determine the matching surface by using the invariant properties of the eigenvalues of the Riemann curvature tensor. As a particular example, we apply the Csup.3 procedure to match the exterior Schwarzschild metric with a general spherically symmetric interior spacetime with a perfect fluid source and obtain that on the matching hypersurface, the density and pressure should vanish, which is in accordance with the intuitive physical expectation.
Written for researchers focusing on general relativity, supergravity, and cosmology, this is a self-contained exposition of the structure of the cosmological singularity in generic solutions of the ...Einstein equations, and an up-to-date mathematical derivation of the theory underlying the Belinski–Khalatnikov–Lifshitz (BKL) conjecture on this field. Part I provides a comprehensive review of the theory underlying the BKL conjecture. The generic asymptotic behavior near the cosmological singularity of the gravitational field, and fields describing other kinds of matter, is explained in detail. Part II focuses on the billiard reformulation of the BKL behavior. Taking a general approach, this section does not assume any simplifying symmetry conditions and applies to theories involving a range of matter fields and space-time dimensions, including supergravities. Overall, this book will equip theoretical and mathematical physicists with the theoretical fundamentals of the Big Bang, Big Crunch, Black Hole singularities, the billiard description, and emergent mathematical structures.
The production of J/ψ mesons in proton–proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV is studied with the LHCb detector at the LHC. The differential cross-section for prompt J/ψ production is measured as a function ...of the J/ψ transverse
momentum pT and rapidity y in the fiducial region pT ∈ 0; 14 GeV/c and y ∈ 2.0; 4.5. The differential cross-section and fraction of J/ψ from b-hadron decays are also measured in the same pT and y ranges. The analysis is based on a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5.2 pb−1. The measured cross-sections integrated over the fiducial region are 10.52 ± 0.04 ± 1.40+1.64 −2.20 µb for prompt J/ψ production and 1.14 ± 0.01 ± 0.16 µb for J/ψ from b-hadron decays, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second systematic. The prompt J/ψ production cross-section is obtained assuming no J/ψ polarisation and the third error indicates the acceptance uncertainty due to this assumption.
Modified gravity theories can be used for the description of homogeneous and isotropic cosmological models through the corresponding field equations. These can be cast into systems of autonomous ...differential equations because of their sole dependence on a well-chosen time variable, be it the cosmological time, or an alternative. For that reason, a dynamical systems approach offers a reliable route to study those equations. Through a model-independent set of variables, we are able to study all f(Q) modified gravity models. The drawback of the procedure is a more complicated constraint equation. However, it allows the dynamical system to be formulated in fewer dimensions than using other approaches. We focus on a recent model of interest, the power-exponential model, and generalize the fluid content of the model.
We analyze the behavior of relativistic spherical objects within the context of modified f(R,T) gravity considering Tolman VI spacetime, where the gravitational Lagrangian is a function of the Ricci ...scalar (R) and trace of energy momentum tensor (T), i.e, f(R,T) = R + 2βT, for some arbitrary constant β. For developing our model, we have chosen £m = −p, where £m represents the matter Lagrangian. For this investigation, we have chosen three compact stars, namely PSR J1614-2230 (Mass = (1.97 ± 0.4)Msub.⊙ ; Radius = 9.69sub.+0.02 sup.−0.02 km), Vela X-1 (Mass = (1.77 ± 0.08)Msub.⊙ ; Radius = 9.560sub.+0.08 sup.−0.08 km) and 4U 1538-52 (Mass = (9.69)Msub.⊙ ; Radius = 1.97 km). In this theory, the equation of pressure isotropy is identical to the standard Einstein's theory. So, all known metric potential solving Einstein's equations are also valid here. In this paper, we have investigated the effort of a coupling parameter (β) on the local matter distribution. The sound of speed and adiabatic index are higher with grater values of β, while on the contrary, the mass function and gravitational redshift are lower with higher values of β. For supporting the theoretical results, graphical representations are also employed to analyze the physical viability of the compact stars.
The production of J/ψ mesons accompanied by open charm, and of pairs of open charm hadrons are observed in pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV using an integrated luminosity of 355 pb−1 ...collected with the LHCb detector. Model independent measurements of absolute cross-sections are given together with ratios to the measured J/ψ and open charm cross-sections. The properties of these events are studied and compared to theoretical predictions.
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