Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to predict optimum conditions for microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of total limonoid (TL) and antioxidant potential investigation from Trichilia roka ...(Chiov) root bark. A central composite design methodology (CCDM) was used to minor the effect of the independent variables such as irradiation time (X1), irradiation power (X2), liquid-to-solid ratio (X3) and methanol polarity (X4) on the dependent variables namely total limonoid (TL), total polyphenol (TPP), DPPH radical scavenging activity and β-carotene antioxidant activity (AOA). The optimal combined conditions for extracting maximum TL (116 mg RUBE/gDW), TPP (12.5 g GAE/100gDW) and antioxidant activity (DPPH 90.1%; AOA 90.5%) were irradiation time 80 s, irradiation power 600 W, liquid to solid ratio 0.6/20 mL/g and methanol concentration 40%. All the factors significantly (p < 0.01) influenced the responses, the variations from the independent variables corresponding significantly to the predicted polynomial model and the maximum values estimated at the predicted optimal condition were in good agreement with experimental value. In conclusion MAE of antioxidant compounds from Trichilia roka (Chiov) root bark is highly influenced by equipment parameters of functioning (microwave irradiation time and power) as well as the solvent (liquid to solid ratio and methanol concentration), following a second degree polynomial model.
•Identification of optimal range of extraction operational conditions for microwave extraction process of total limonoids content from Trichilia roka root bark.•The optimal conditions for extracting by microwave assisted extraction the maximum limonoids compounds from Trichilia roka (Meliaceae).•Evaluation of antioxidant activity using DPPH radical scavenging and oxidative degradation of β-carotene.•Description of one strategy to optimize that extraction of limonoid and polyphenol compounds using response surface methodology.
Prisutnost benediktinaca i benediktinki u gradu Rijeci i okolici do sada je samo u manjoj mjeri bila predmetom interesa historiografije. Nije istražena povijest benediktinki iz samostana sv. Roka u ...Rijeci, prisutnih od sredine 17. do sredine 20. st., prvih redovnica u gradu. Red sv. Benedikta dao je ime gradu Opatiji jer se redovnici vezuju uz tamošnju srednjovjekovnu opatiju sv. Jakova. Početkom 20. st. ondje benediktinci olivetanci grade novu crkvu i samostan. Nastanak biskupijskih struktura Rijeke u vremenu talijanske uprave između dvaju svjetskih ratova vezan je uz benediktinca i prvog biskupa Isidora Saina.
The presence of Benedictine monks and nuns in the city of Rijeka and its surroundings has so far only been the subject of historiography's interest to a lesser extent. The Benedictine nuns of St. Roko were present in Rijeka from the middle of the 17th to the middle of the 20th century, when they left for Italy, where they live to this day in the abbey of St. Daniel in Abano. The abbey of St. Jakov is the predecessor of today's City of Opatija, to which it gave its name. While the time of the arrival of the Benedictines in the Middle Ages still remains unknown to us, archival sources confirm that the Ottoman incursions in the first half of the 16th century were the reason for the abandonment of the abbey. The Benedictines of the Olivetan congregation came to Opatija in the years before the First World War, to build a church and a monastery by the beginning of the thirties. The presence of the Benedictines in Opatija ends in the middle of the 20th century, when the monks retire to Tkon. The establishment of the independent Diocese of Rijeka after the First World War is closely related to the person of Isidoro Sain, a Benedictine monk from Novigrad in Istria and abbot of Praglia. The episcopate of Isidoro Sain left an indelible mark on pastoral life and the construction of new diocesan structures in the years marked by Italian fascism.
ABSTRACT Introduction The Patient Evaluation Measure (PEM) is a region-specific patient reported outcome measure (PROM) for hand and wrist disorders, first introduced in English for patients with ...hand surgery in 1995. The purpose of the study was to assess the psychometric properties of the translated and cross-culturally adapted Slovenian version of PEM (PEM-Slo). Methods The study was designed as a single-centre observational prospective study conducted from July 2020 to March 2021. The psychometric evaluation was performed on fifty-one patients with miscellaneous hand and wrist disorders. Reliability was tested for internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Convergent and divergent validity, responsiveness, floor and ceiling effect, and interpretability with the determination of minimal detectable change (MDC) and minimal clinically important difference (MCID) were assessed. Results The PEM-Slo has excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α 0.932) and good to excellent test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.874). Convergent validity was proved with high to moderate correlations of PEM-Slo with DASH, grip strength and self-care, usual activities, and pain EQ-5D-5L subscales, whereas no correlation of PEM-Slo with EQ-5D-5L mobility and anxiety/depression subscale confirmed divergent validity. The PEM-Slo responsiveness was high (standardised response mean=1.42, effect size=1.25). MDC was 18.01 and MCID was 17.31. No floor or ceiling effect was found. Conclusion The PEM-Slo is a reliable, valid and responsive PROM for Slovenian-speaking patients with hand and wrist disorders.
This study focuses on the role played by the work of Leo Tolstoy (1828–1910) in shaping socialism and agrarian-Buddhist utopianism in Japan. As Japanese translations of Tolstoy’s fiction and ...philosophy, and accounts of his life became more available at the end of the 19th century, his ideas on the individual, religion, society, and politics had a tremendous impact on the generation coming of age in the 1900s and his popularity grew among young intellectuals. One important legacy of Tolstoy in Japan is his particular concern with the peasantry and agricultural reform. Among those inspired by Tolstoy and the narodniki lifestyle, three individuals, Tokutomi Roka, Eto Tekirei, and Mushakōji Saneatsu illustrate how prominent writers and thinkers adopted the master’s lifestyle and attempted to put his ideas into practice. In the spirit of the New Buddhists of late Meiji, they envisioned a comprehensive lifestyle structure. As Eto Tekirei moved to the village of Takaido with the assistance of Tokutomi Roka, he called his new home Hyakushō Aidōjō (literally, Farmers Love Training Ground). He and his family endeavored to follow a Tolstoyan life, which included labor, philosophy, art, religion, society, and politics, a grand project that he saw as a “non-religious religion.” As such, Tekirei’s utopian vision might be conceived as an experiment in “alter-modernity.”
Rad ukazuje na pronađene fragmente iz samostana benediktinki Sv. Roka u Rijeci čije se arhivsko gradivo danas nalazi u samostanu Sv. Danijela u Abano Terme u Italiji, gdje su riječke redovnice ...izbjegle nakon Drugog svjetskog rata. Od tri pronađena, članak opisuje jedan glagoljski fragment na uglatoj glagoljici kojemu pristupa kroz paleografsku, kodikološku, teološko i liturgijsko-povijesnu analizu. Donosi se transliteracija teksta i zaključuje se da je fragment pripadao brevijaru iz razdoblja kraja 14. ili 15. stoljeća te da je vezan uz liturgijsko svetkovanje sv. Martina biskupa i ispovjednika. Pronalazak fragmenta smješta se u dosadašnje spoznaje o liturgijsko-jezičnoj povijesti Rijeke i iznose se hipoteze o načinu na koji je dospio u samostan riječkih benediktinki, zajednicu koju se smatra latinaškom.
In the thus far unexplored archives of the monastery of the Benedictine nuns of St. Rochus in Rijeka, which have been located at the Monastery of St. Daniel in Abano Terme, Italy, since the exodus of Italians from lands annexed by Croatia in the aftermath of World War II, a corpus of three previously unknown fragments consisting of two fragments written in the Glagolitic script in Old Church Slavonic and one in the Latin script in Latin was discovered. These fragments were found in a book related to the management of Franjo Knežić’s endowment for the construction of the monastery. This paper analyses one of the Glagolitic fragments. The fragment, which is written in angular Glagolitic script, is
analysed from the palaeographic, codicological, theological, and liturgical-historical perspective. The transliteration of the text is provided, and it is concluded that the fragment came from a breviary from the end of the 14th or from the 15th century, and that it was related to the liturgical celebration of St. Martin, Bishop and Confessor. The discovery of the fragment is placed within the context of the liturgical-linguistic history of Rijeka, and hypotheses on the way in which it came to be in the possession of the Benedictine nuns from Rijeka, who were considered a Latin monastic community, are formed.
This article analyzes the causes of combat effectiveness of the South Korean security forces through the course of its various counter-insurgency (COIN) operations from 1948 to 1953. We argue that ...improvements in two interrelated aspects ultimately resulted in higher operational and tactical level performance: unified operational command structure and the subsequent improvements in tactical efficiency under the guidance of the US advisory mission. Through an in-depth case study on how a nascent army improved its capacity in combating homegrown insurgencies, we demonstrate how the actual conduct of operations itself remains just as significant in the assessment of overall COIN outcomes.
Precedentalni karakter prava Europske konvencije za zaštitu ljudskih prava i temeljnih sloboda (dalje: Europska konvencija ili EKLJP), koja se kroz praksu Europskog suda za ljudska prava (dalje: ...Europski sud ili ECHR) razvija kao „živi“ instrument, doveo je do toga da svaki od pojmova iz čl. 6 zahtijeva objašnjenje na stotine stranica. U navedenom kontekstu ECHR je u svojim presudama analizirao i tzv. „prešutna prava“ koja nisu izričito navedena u tekstu Konvencije već su stvorena kroz judikaturu za, exempli causa, stečajni (korporativni i potrošački) postupak. S druge strane, činjenica je da stečaj predstavlja izvansudski postupak, in extremis, u kojem je vrijeme jedan od najznačajnijih elemenata. Vrijeme umanjuje vrijednost imovine i što više vremena protekne u stečajnom postupku, vjerovnicima će okončanjem postupka biti u pravilu dostupna manja količina novčanih sredstva, dok su paralelno i dužnici – potrošači zakinuti jer imaju manje šanse za ekonomsko-socijalnu „rehabilitaciju“. U ovom radu bavimo se analizom dviju komplementarnih tema koje smo tijekom argumentacije povezali u jedinstvenu cjelinu. Naime, u navedenom kontekstu autori preispituju hoće li višegodišnje trajanje postupka potrošačkog stečaja (u nekim slučajevima i do 7 godina) definirano Zakonom o stečaju potrošača predstavljati povredu prava na suđenje u razumnom roku odnosno povredu prava na rješavanje građanskih prava i obveza dužnika i vjerovnika u razumnom roku iz čl. 6. EKLJP-a i čl. 29. Ustava RH. Kompleksnost predmeta istraživanja i postavljeni zadaci uvjetovali su izbor metoda pa je u istraživanju korišten metodološki pristup koji obuhvaća proučavanje domaće i strane literature, odgovarajućih zakonskih propisa kao i analizu sudske prakse. U radu se posebno analizira praksa Europskog suda za ljudska prava u postupcima uz čl. 6. (Pravo na pošteno suđenje) i Ustavnog suda RH uz čl. 29., st. 1. Ustava RH jer polazimo od pretpostavke da saznanja o ovome mogu biti ključna za razumijevanje problematike rada.
The precedential character of the European Convention law for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms (further in the text referred to as: European Convention or ECHR), which through the practice of the European Court of Human Rights (further: European Court or ECtHR) develops like a „living “instrument, leading to every concept of art. 6 requiring an explanation of a hundred pages. In this context ECtHR in its judgements has analysed the so called. „tacit rights“ which are not directly mentioned in the text of the Convention, but are created through the judicature for, exempli causa, bankruptcy (corporative and consumer) procedure. On the other hand, the fact is that bankruptcy represents extra-court adjudication procedure, in extremis, in which time is one of the most significant elements. Time lessens the value of property and the more time passes in a bankruptcy procedure creditors when procedures are concluded will have access to less money while at the same time debtors- consumers will be deprived because they will have less chance for economic-social „rehabilitation“. This paper, analyses two complementary topics which we have, through argumentation, linked to a single whole. That is, in the given context, the authors examine whether the several year duration of the consumer bankruptcy procedure (in some cases up to seven years) the defined Consumer Bankruptcy Act represents a violation of the right to trial within a reasonable time, that is, a violation of the right to resolve civil rights and duties of debtors and creditors within a reasonable time in art. 6 of ECHR and art. 29 of the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia. The complexity of the subject of investigation and set tasks condition the choice of method. So, the methodology used in the investigation includes the study of domestic and foreign literature, appropriate legal regulations as well as the analysis of court practice. In this paper, the practice of the European Court of Human Rights is particularly analysed in the procedures of art. 6 (right to a fair trial) and the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia with art. 29, section 1 of the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia because we presume that knowledge of this could be key to understanding this problem area of work.
In our study, validation was carried out at 24 and 200 mg/kg enrichment for residue analysis of nitrate active substance only in lettuce samples. Analyses were performed by using high performance ...liquid chromatography (HPLC) in lettuce, spinach, salad and arugula samples. In order to eliminate the matrix effect, matrix calibration was used, ie calibration of lettuce samples. Validation of the method was performed with criteria such as precision, repeatability, repeatability limit, reproducibility, repeatability limit, accuracy, linearity of calibration and recovery. The calibration curve was found as linear in the range of 0.2-40 mg/kg. The recovery from the samples is between 97.3-100.2 %. The repeatability and reproducibility values for the two concentrations were 1.89 (matrix+24 ppm) and 3.65 (matrix+200 ppm), 3.951 (matrix+24 ppm) and 3.456 (matrix+200 ppm), respectively. The repeatability and reproducibility limit values are within acceptable limits. Accuracy, precision, combined uncertainty and extended uncertainty (95% confidence: k=2) were found as 0.015 (matrix+24 ppm) and 0.004 (matrix+200 ppm), 0.039 (matrix+24 ppm) and 0.006 (matrix+200 ppm), 0.041 (matrix+24 ppm) and 0.007 (matrix+200 ppm), 0.082 (matrix+24 ppm) and 0.014 (matrix+200 ppm). In our study, the highest nitrate ratio was determined in spinach with 3486 mg/kg in total 102 samples. Lettuce following spinach (2825 mg/kg) showed lower nitrate content, while lower concentrations of nitrate were detected in iceberg (1985 mg/kg) and arugula (1870 mg/kg), respectively. The results may be useful in estimating body intake levels for research on the effects of nitrite and nitrate on human health in vegetable producers and in our daily diet. In addition, the nitrate content of the vegetables analysed in the study is an indicator of the use of nitrogenous fertilizers in the Mediterranean region, but showed no problem for human and animal health.
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