New composite membranes were prepared using sulfonated polyether ether ketone (SPEEK) polymer and inorganic proton conducting fillers developed from tungstosilicic acids (SiWA) loaded on ...silica–aluminium oxide (SiO
2–Al
2O
3) composite. SiWA was fixed on stable structure (composite oxide) so that it became insoluble in water. The SPEEK polymers were characterized using H NMR and FTIR. XRD analysis was performed on the inorganic proton conducing fillers to reveal the existence of the interaction between SiWA and composite oxide. The membrane structural properties and surface morphologies were characterized with SEM and their performance were examined in terms of proton conductivity, water uptake and methanol permeability. It was found that the presence of inorganic proton conducting fillers led to both high water uptake and proton conductivity (maximum value 6.1
×
10
−2
S
cm
−1). Low methanol permeability values were recorded for the membranes which appeared as a very promising material to be used in DMFC.
ABSTRACT The research aimed to determine the level of participation of Siwa Woman in the development of environmental industries, And determine the relationship between the independent variables ...and the degree of the level of participation of Siwa Woman in the development of environmental industries, Determine the percentage contribution of variables moral relationship level of Siwa woman participation in the development of environmental industries, and to identify the motives of Siwa Woman in the development of environmental industries. This research was conducted in Siwa Oasis, It was selected sample of (256) respondents by 33.6% of the overall size, data were collected by using a questionnaire specially to achieve the research objectives, the statistical tools included percentage Frequencies, Pearson's correlation coefficient were used to data analysis. The study concluded the following key results The results showed that respondents with low participation in handmade carpets industry is 14.7%, While the respondents with medium participation is 22.3%, while respondents with high participation is 63%. The results indicate that the percentage ofrespondents with low participation in pickling olives are 12.3%, While the percentage of respondents medium participation is 15.9%, while the proportion of respondents with a high participation is 71.8 percent. The results showed that respondents with low participation in the manufacture of animal feed ratio is 17.2%, While the percentage of respondents medium participation is 15.2%, while the proportion of respondents with a high participation is 63.6 percent. Data suggests that respondents with low participation in the garment manufacturing Siwa is 7.3%, While the percentage of respondents participating medium is 9.9%, while the proportion of respondents with a high participation in the garment manufacturing Siwa is 82.8%. Results show that in the category of 7.8% total participation level low in the development of environmental industries, and 16.4% of them fall in the proportion of middle-class participation for the development of environmental industries, And 75.8% of the respondents fall in the category of high participation for the development of environmental industries in Siwa Oasis. Results show that the level of Siwa woman participation in the development of environmental industries was a significant relation at a level of 0.01 in all of: Capacity animal tenure, The degree of belonging to the tribal community, and the degree of adherence to tribal customs and traditions, Degree trend towards environmental industries, and the degree of exposure to sources of information on the environmental industries, As the value of simple correlation coefficient of Pearson: 0.225, 0.241, 0.217, 0.219, and 0.231, respectively, While the relationship was significant at the 0.05 level with age, While respondents 0.149 Pearson simple correlation coefficient values, and there was no significant relation to: the degree of education of the surveyed, the area of agricultural holdings. It turns out that the percentage contribution of these variables in explaining the contrast kidney respondents were significant at the 0.01 level And its contribution was all in the predictive ability and the other is 51.5%, of which 35.2% to the degree of exposure to sources of information on environmental industries, 9.5% to the point of belonging to the tribal community, and 5% to the degree of adherence to tribal customs and traditions, to 1.8% and the degree of the trend toward environmental industries. The results showed that the most important motives of Siwa woman in the development of environmental industries are: Increasing the family income to their participation in the environmental industries (89.5%), Help the family in the bride processing (83.9%), Out of the house to receive an education and to work in the environmental industries (76.7%).
Lontar merupakan karya sastra klasik yang memiliki nilai-nilai pendidikan agama Hindu yang sangat tinggi. Namun sayangnya masyarakat Bali kebanyakan hanya menganggap lontar sebagai warisan yang ...disakralkan dan tidak boleh sembarang dipelajari yang hanya disimpan dan diupacarai di hari-heri suci tertentu. Salah satu warisan agama Hindu berupa Lontar Parwa adalah Lontar Candra Bherawa. Kitab ini memiliki penanaman konsep, penanaman pengertian atau difinisi dan penanaman akan ajaran agama yang berbeda dalam jalinan peristiwa. Disamping hal tersebut, juga mempertegas dan memberikan kesan mendalam pada pembaca dan pendengar tentang manfaat yang didapatkan dari ajaran Siwa-Buddha. Bukan dalam konteks ini saja, pembaca dan pendengar akan diajak untuk masuk dalam alur prismatis yakni sebuah alur dimana pembaca dan pendengar sendiri yang akan menemukan kebijaksanaan lewat jabaran citra atau karakter yang ditampilkan dari setiap tokoh maharaja Yudistira dan Catur Pandawa serta tokoh maharaja Candra Bherawa. Oleh sebab itu, betapa penting dan istimewanya Lontar Candra Bherawa ini.
One of the major challenges facing Egypt is limited water resources associated with rapid increase in population. In 1960s, Egyptian government started to use groundwater from the Nubian Sandstone ...Aquifer System (NSAS) in the Western Desert to expand agricultural sector. Siwa Oasis is the focus of this study to assess the efficiency of groundwater use and corresponding impacts from 1980 to 2012. Results show that from 1980 to 1998, withdrawal from poorly designed wells increased rapidly causing an increase in excess water about 336%. The increase of excess water with the usage of poor drainage produced lakes. Remote Sensing showed in 2000, there were 21,348 acres of lakes with an increase of 89% since 1987 due to unmanaged withdrawal. After management intervention, excess water decreased about 94.7% from 1998 to 2012 causing a decrease in lakes area by 24%. Groundwater electrical conductivity (EC) increased from 4.5 to 10.5 ds/m in 1996 and 2013, respectively. Yields of olives and date palms decreased about 46% and 55%, respectively from 2000 to 2011 resulting in net revenue decrease of more than 60%. Results show that salinity has a strong negative correlation with yield and net revenue. Findings showed the importance of developing a meaningful groundwater resources management plan for Siwa region.
Based on microfacies analyses and sedimentological data, 17 facies are identified within the Middle Miocene carbonates at Siwa Oasis in the northern Western Desert of Egypt. These facies are ...attributed to five main facies belts. Within these facies and facies belts, five foraminiferal assemblages are recognized. A depositional model relates the reported facies and biofacies to a down-dip depositional profile of an inner to middle carbonate ramp. The facies of the peritidal to restricted lagoon (facies belt 1) and the less-restricted lagoon (facies belt 2) were deposited in the inner ramp behind the barrier/beach shoal facies belt 3. Basinward, lime mudstone of facies belts 4 and 5 accumulated in a proximal to distal middle ramp, respectively. The depositional evolution involved three stages, which are strongly controlled by tectonics and eustatic sea-level changes. The first stage comprises the transgressive Lower Miocene clastic-dominated fluvial facies of the Moghra Formation. The second stage heralds the deposition of the Langhian inner-ramp carbonate and shale facies of the basal Oasis Member of the Marmarica Formation under a relatively high stand of sea level, constrained clastic influx and climate warming. The final stage is represented by Langhian to Serravallian mid-ramp carbonate-dominated facies of the Siwa Escarpment and El Diffa Plateau members under fluctuating sea level, and a westward restriction in clastic supply and water turbidity.
Radioactivity measurements for water, sediment, microbial films and the bioaccumulation of radionuclides by extremophiles from hypersaline lakes and hot springs were carried out as scarcity studies ...in the Siwa Oasis, Egypt. Natural and man-made radionuclides were measured using high-resolution γ-spectrometry. Different radionuclides behaved differently in different environmental samples, while radionuclides were higher in microbial films compared to sediment, but all radionuclide levels except
226
Ra in water were generally low. Microbial films from hypersaline lakes had higher concentrations of
40
K, while microbial films from freshwater hot springs had the highest concentrations of
226
Ra,
232
Th and
137
Cs. The calculated radiological hazard index parameters of radium equivalent activity (Ra
eq
), absorbed dose rate (D), annual effective dose (AED) and external hazard (H
ex
) in the sediment were within acceptable limits, but were higher in the microbial film samples. Otherwise, the potential cancer risk of the three freshwater springs was 0.00244 ± 0.000293, 0.00135.6 ± 0.000172 and 0.00155.2 ± 0.000198. In addition, the bioaccumulation factor for microbial films indicated that they are good accumulators of radionuclides, especially for
226
Ra and
232
Th, which may contribute to their effectiveness in removing radionuclides from ecosystems.
Within each culture, the multi-source origins play an essential role to form its distinct moral and aesthetic values, which emphasize the cultural identity. These values were accumulated through ...ages. That’s why every single cultural tributary should be traced, to demonstrate the extent of its impact on specific city identity formation.The Egyptian government pays due attention to Siwa Oasis because of its special historical and cultural characteristics. It happens in co-operation with one of the Culture Ministry sectors "the General organization for Cultural Palaces", that adopted the idea of reviving the project of city studios. Such initiative has been established before at the city of Luxor. For example, a financial and logistic support was provided for the initiative in a similar context.From this standing point, this paper provides a historical study about Siwa Oasis since its inception at the Ancient Egyptian era and through the Greco-Roman, the Coptic-Islamic era, and the Arab influences till now. Also, I will review the Siwa studios grant: procedures, different sessions and the most interesting aspect of it, which is the exhibitions.The historical and cultural overview will include: the Significant monuments in the city, location and environment, population and their language, traditions, and custom, and finally, the Siwa Oasis features nowadays.Reviewing the project stages will include: how to apply? On what bases the participants was chosen? Also, information about the time schedule, the site-visits, etc. Finally, I will analyze some artworks from 2009 till now in order to emphasize the importance of such activity on the cultural map.
The Upper Hamra Member of Said and Issawi (1964) is a clastic/carbonate succession at Qor El Hamra east of the Bahariya Oasis in the Western Desert, Egypt. Earlier, the authors changed this member ...into a new informal name, the Al Humaymat formation (Priabonian) at the Siwa Oasis, which consists generally of carbonate sediments and overlays the mushroom rock of the Mokattam Formation (Late Lutetian). The thickness of the Al Humaymat formation is about 22 m recorded at the El Qara section and at the El Arag section reaches 5 m, where the collected fauna from this formation is represented by larger foraminifera Nummulites fabianii retiatus, Gaziryina aff. pulchellus, Silvestriella tetraedra and Grzybowskia sp. are assigned to Late Eocene (Priabonian). The base of the Al Humaymat formation is composed of grey marl to varicolored small scale tabular cross-bedded limestone, which reflects sheet flood deposits with a great unconformity surface; the middle part is composed of reefal limestone and sandy limestone. The upper part of this formation is characterized by earthy white limestone, which is overlain by very hard brown ferruginous paleosol bands and pockets, which represent distal floodplain deposits.
Here it is interesting to notice that the Early and Late Priabonian decrease in depth of the sea over the studied area seems to be a reflection of a global decrease in depth of the sea as suggested from eustatic curves published by Haq et al., l987.
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•The Upper Hamra Member (clastic/carbonate) changed into the Al Humaymat Formation (carbonate) at the Siwa Oasis.•The Al Humaymat Formation (Priabonian) overlays the Mokattam Formation (Late Lutetian).•The Early and Late Priabonian decrease in depth of the sea over the studied area as suggested by Haq et al., l987.
The rapid development and expansion of modern irrigation schemes across arid environments have radically transformed both natural environments and existing agricultural systems over the past century. ...The consequences for natural and cultural values are often severe, but remain poorly documented for many regions. The present study describes the floristic diversity of an Oasis agro-ecosystem located in Egypt’s hyper-arid Western Desert. A total of 132 sites were chosen to represent the flora of Siwa Oasis agro-ecosystem and 154 species were recorded of which 52 were cultivated. Non-cultivated taxa consisted predominately of therophytes whereby the flora of Siwa is represented by monoregional, biregional and pluriregional elements as well as some cosmopolitan species. During field survey, 55 species were recorded for the first time suggesting the recent introduction of new weeds. Based on previous studies, 36 wetland and orchard species may have become locally extinct due to loss of habitat and extensive transformation of the Oasis agro-ecosystem. Although Siwa does not support any endemic species, this study documents a unique and complex agro-ecosystem shaped by natural and human agents over millennia. Descriptive floristic studies such as presented here are important records during a time of continuing and increasing change throughout arid regions of the world.
•Nubian Sandstone Aquifer is the main supplier of fresh water in Siwa Oasis.•Carbonate aquifer in Siwa Oasis is studied in details.•It is indicated that the shallow groundwater aquifer in the study ...area is highly evolved.•There are two principal components in case of the private groundwater samples and one principal component for the governmental groundwater samples.
Siwa Oasis is one of the most important Oases in the Western Desert. Groundwater is the only water source. Nubian Sandstone Aquifer is the main supplier of fresh water. Carbonate aquifer is represented by two zones, shallow fracture limestone aquifer and deep fracture chalky limestone aquifer. The productivity of this aquifer is varied from place to another due to the variation of the fracture density and the degree of connection with the recharge sources. 106 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed from the shallow aquifer to investigate the phenomenon of salinity rise. Groundwater salinity classification shows that the majority (79%) of the private groundwater wells is brackish groundwater and the rest (21%) are fresh groundwater. On the other hand, the majority (80%) of the governmental groundwater wells is brackish, and the rest (20%) are saline groundwater type. The relationship between salinity content and the other ions indicates that calcium, chloride, magnesium, and sodium are the effective ions which caused an increase in salinity content in case of private groundwater, while calcium, chloride, sulfate and sodium are the effective ions in case of governmental groundwater wells. Dissolution and ion exchange are the main hydrochemical processes affecting the groundwater. From the hypothetical salts it is indicated that the shallow groundwater aquifer in the study area is highly evolved as it's enriched with marine residual indicated by the presence of NaCl, MgCl2, MgSO4, CaSO4, Ca(HCO3)2 salts. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) indicated that there are two principal components extracted have eigenvalues greater than 1 in case of the private groundwater samples and one principal component for the governmental groundwater samples. All these components are defined as the leaching and dissolution of marine and terrestrial salts which due to salinization of the carbonate aquifer in the study area.
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