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•Emotional factors from data breaches influence firm and consumer focused outcomes.•Perceived social contract violation affects all four consumer coping strategies.•Consumer coping ...behaviors differ based on non/personally identifiable information.•Levels of stress and social contract violations differ across industry clusters.•Certain firm actions can reduce negative consumer responses directed at the firm.
Data breaches and misuse of data are rising, causing compromised consumer privacy. This research explores the impact of stress and perceptions of a social contract violation have on both firm-focused outcomes and consumer protection behaviors following a data breach. Additionally, we investigate the impact that the type of data lost/compromised in the breach– personally identifiable (PII) and non-personally identifiable (NPII)– has on these outcomes. To explore this, we conduct an experimental survey (Study 1) of 230 respondents. Results indicate that stress and perceptions of social contract violation impact our outcome variables. The results differences in terms of how these impact consumer coping behaviors across different data types (PII vs. NPII). In Study 2 we explore how industry clusters differ in their levels of stress and social contract violation, actions businesses can take to them, and whether these actions could help reduce negative consumer responses.
In this paper we will analyse some preconditions that must be met by a social contract that pleads to be valid one. When do we accept a contract as a valid agreement? There are some important classic ...issues, many of them are still open for discussion. With regard to this, we focus on the on the following question: Is a contract the result of free will? What is (if any) the meaning of the phrase 'coercive agreement' or 'coercive consent'? There are two extreme positions: acceptance of coercive agreement without any preconditions or rejection of coercive agreement by some deontological presumption or structural/logical contradiction claim.
What Is Liberalism? Bell, Duncan
Political theory,
12/2014, Volume:
42, Issue:
6
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Liberalism is a term employed in a dizzying variety of ways in political thought and social science. This essay challenges how the liberal tradition is typically understood. I start by delineating ...different types of response—prescriptive, comprehensive, explanatory—that are frequently conflated in answering the question "what is liberalism?" I then discuss assorted methodological strategies employed in the existing literature: after rejecting "stipulative" and "canonical" approaches, I outline a contextualist alternative. Liberalism, on this (comprehensive) account, is best characterised as the sum of the arguments that have been classified as liberal, and recognised as such by other self-proclaimed liberals, over time and space. In the remainder of the article, I present an historical analysis of shifts in the meaning of liberalism in Anglo-American political thought between 1850 and 1950, focusing in particular on how Locke came to be characterised as a liberal. I argue that the scope of the liberal traditionexpanded during the middle decades of the twentieth century, such that it came to be seen by many as the constitutive ideology of the West. This capacious (and deeply confusing) understanding of liberalism was a product of the ideological wars fought against "totalitarianism" and assorted developments in the social sciences. Today we both inherit and inhabit it.
Abstract
Although data breaches are common, limited knowledge exists regarding consumer sentiments towards them and the personal actions taken following a breach. First, we explore trends using a ...database chronicling 14 years of breaches. Then, guided by Social Contract Theory, our study analyzes a secondary dataset of survey responses from 890 affected consumers to understand perceptions of breaches, including attitudes towards businesses, expected actions businesses take following a breach, and protective actions. The integration of Social Contract Theory with Privacy Calculus Theory and Protection Motivation Theory in the study of data breaches provides a lens to examine how context‐specific attributes impact consumer actions following a breach. Our findings show that data breaches are frequent, vary across industries, and consumer attitudes and actions vary by data type compromised.
•The term “social contract” is increasingly used in social science literature but is rarely well operationalized.•We define social contracts as agreements between societal groups and the state on ...rights and obligations toward each other.•The notion of social contracts helps to compare state-society relations in different countries and at different times.•After independence, MENA countries had similar social contracts, which were then challenged by the Arab uprisings in 2011.•Since then, social contracts in MENA countries have developed in different directions.
The term “social contract” is increasingly used in social science literature to describe sets of state-society relations – in particular with reference to the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Nevertheless, the term has thus far remained insufficiently conceptualized and its potential to inform a systematic analysis of contemporary states has been underutilized. This article contributes to the filling of this gap. It defines social contracts as sets of formal and informal agreements between societal groups and their sovereign (government or other actor in power) on rights and obligations toward each other. We argue that social contracts are partly informal institutions, which are meant to make state-society interactions more predictable and thereby politics more stable. Their effectiveness depends on their substance (deliverables exchanged between government and society), scope (the actors involved and the geographic range of influence) and temporal dimension (beginning, evolution, and duration). Social contracts can differ substantially in all three dimensions.
This approach complements established theories of comparative politics and sharpens the perspective on state-society relations. It helps to (i) compare state-society relations in different countries, (ii) track changes within one country, (iii) find out when and why social contracts are broken or even revoked, (iv) uncover how external players affect state-society relations, and (v) analyze how state-society relations can be Pareto improved.
Against this background, this article shows that after independence, MENA countries had quite similar social contracts, which were based on the provision of social benefits rather than political participation. We argue that they degenerated steadily after 1985 due to increasing populations and budgetary problems. The Arab uprisings in 2010–11 were an expression of discontent with a situation in which governments provided neither political participation nor social benefits, like employment. Since then, social contracts in MENA countries have developed in different directions, and their long-term stability is questionable. We address the question of how they can be transformed to become more inclusive and therefore more stable.
In this paper we present the design for a smart-mask to mitigate the impact of an airborne virus such as COVID-19. The design utilises recent results from feedback control theory over a distributed ...ledger that have been developed to enforce compliance in a pseudo-anonymous manner. The design is based on the use of the IOTA distributed ledger. A hardware-in-the-loop simulation based on indoor positioning, paired with Monte-Carlo simulations, is developed to demonstrate the efficacy of the designed prototype.
... it is the time of time that has passed: this strange idea of a vast army moving forward, preceded by the most daring innovators and thinkers, followed by a mass of slower and heavier crowds, ...while the rearguard of the most archaic, the most primitive, the most reactionary people trails behind-just like the Navis, trying hopelessly to slow down the inevitable charge forward. Why do I wish to reuse the oversized genre of the manifesto to explore this shift from future to prospect? Because in spite of the abyss of time, there is a tenuous relation between the Communist and the Compositionist Manifesto.
Promoting trust in public officials and active political engagement is vital to sustaining a well-functioning democracy. Developmental psychologists propose that youths' beliefs about government and ...participation in politics are rooted in personal experiences within their communities. Previous studies have focused on how positive experiences within youths' families, schools, and communities facilitate greater social trust and political participation. However, less is known about how negative interpersonal experiences-such as criminal victimization-intersect with youths' beliefs about the trustworthiness, competence, and knowledge of government officials, and their participation in political activity. Using data from 39 waves of the Monitoring the Future study, the current study examined associations among youth victimization, beliefs about government, and participation in various political activities. Adolescents (N = 109,574; 50.9% female) enrolled in 12th grade across the United States reported on whether they had experienced various types of victimization during the previous year, their beliefs about government, and their participation in multiple forms of political activity. Adolescents who reported more frequent victimization experiences endorsed significantly greater discontent with government and were significantly more engaged in various forms of political activity. The magnitude and direction of these effects were generally consistent across different types of victimization, different demographic subgroups of youth, and different sociohistorical periods. Findings are interpreted from a social contract theory perspective, followed by a discussion of implications for building psychological theory and informing public policy.
This paper applies John Locke’s political philosophy to analyze the 2018 Facebook-Cambridge Analytica data scandal, highlighting the harms of spreading misinformation in the digital sphere. Locke’s ...Two Treatises of Government serves as a theoretical lens to explore how social media sites represent a facade of an impartial third party, when in reality they inflict harm upon the user by violating their liberty, and subsequently natural law as a whole. Using the Facebook-CambridgeAnalytica data scandal as a case study, this essay argues that social media sites knowingly allow the spread of misinformation, which ultimately harms users in realms that extend beyond the digital. This paper urges users to be aware of social media sites’ complacency in spreading misinformation and of the threats that misinformation poses to social and political life. The paper urges users of social media sites to play an active role in shaping digital spheres into spaces that can used to craft positive change in social and political life.
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