The past five years have seen a rapid growth of advertising on social media platforms (SMPs). The current study adopts the consumer socialization framework to investigate predictors of advertising ...avoidance on SMPs (Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram) via an online survey of 693 U.S. adults. Results show that the effects of SMP usage, susceptibility to social media influence, and susceptibility to peer influence on SMP ad avoidance are all mediated by attitude toward social media advertising in general. Greater SMP usage and higher susceptibility to social media influence are positively related with SMP advertising attitudes, while greater peer influence susceptibility is negatively related. The data also show no differences by demographics for avoidance or attitudes.
There has been a lingering debate on the relationship between public managers' professional socialization and their acceptance of citizen participation. In this paper, it is empirically confirmed ...that association participation strengthens municipal managers' predispositions toward engaging citizens. It is found that municipal managers that are active in generalist-oriented professional associations will be more likely to realize successful practices for citizen engagement in peer municipalities, which boosts their perceived sense of citizen contribution, and reduces their perceptions on the costliness of engaging citizens. These relationships are found to be mediated by municipal managers' technocratic orientation and engagement self-efficacy.
While youth generally experience stressors from developmental milestones, Black youth also face racialized stressors. Racial socialization has been found to help Black youth cope with racialized ...stressors, but research has yet to show its contribution to coping beyond general socialization practices. This study examines how racial socialization contributes beyond that of general coping socialization to coping behaviors. Fifty‐eight third–eighth‐grade (Mage = 11.3, SD = 1.54) youth reported general coping socialization and racial socialization practices and coping behaviors. Results indicate that for engagement coping, racial socialization messages contributed significantly to parent‐provided engaged socialization strategies. Implications are considered for the ways in which Black youth experience stress and require culturally specific practices for successful coping with frequently encountered stressors.
Understanding and facilitating new hires’ adjustment are critical to maximizing the effectiveness of recruitment and selection. The aim of the current study is to examine how organizational ...socialization tactics interact with perceived organizational support (POS) to influence socialization outcomes above and beyond proactive personality. Our sample consisted of 103 blue-collar apprentices from a well-established apprenticeship program that began in the Middle Ages in France. Using a time-lagged design, we surveyed apprentices in their first months of employment, while they were learning their trade (carpentry, roofing, and stone cutting). We found that POS significantly moderated the relationship between socialization tactics and three important socialization outcomes (learning the job, learning work-group norms, and role innovation), such that there was a positive relationship under low POS and a non-significant relationship under high POS. Unexpectedly, POS was negatively related to role innovation. Implications for the organizational socialization literature are discussed.
Few studies have focused on the racial socialization of Indian Americans, particularly those raised in the United States. The present study explored 1.5 and 2nd generation Indian Americans’ ...experiences of racial socialization in multiple contexts. Forty-four adult Indian Americans from diverse regions of the United States participated in semi-structured focus group interviews via video teleconference. Sixteen participants were 1.5 generation and 28 were 2nd generation. Data was analyzed using grounded theory. The results indicated three interrelated domains including: (a) Discussion of Race and Racism; (b) Awareness of Self in the Context of Racial and Cultural Differences; and (c) Role of Intra- and Inter-group Biases. The findings underscore how the minimization of racism within and outside of Indian American contexts, a colonial mentality transmitted intergenerationally, and negative impacts of casteism, sexism, and racism may influence one’s racial consciousness and racial socialization. Implications for culturally informed research, practice, advocacy, and training are detailed.
Critical consciousness refers to an individual's awareness of oppressive systemic forces in society, a sense of efficacy to work against oppression, and engagement in individual or collective action ...against oppression. In the past few decades, interest in critical consciousness as a resource that may promote thriving in marginalized people has grown tremendously. This article critically examines the results of a systematic review of 67 studies of critical consciousness in children and adolescents, published between 1998 and 2019. Across these studies, major themes included the role of socialization experiences, relationships, and context in the development of critical consciousness. In addition, critical consciousness was associated with a number of adaptive developmental outcomes, including career-related, civic, social-emotional, and academic outcomes-especially for marginalized youth. However, our analysis highlights several critical gaps in the literature. We highlight the need for further delineation of the impacts of parent and peer socialization on critical consciousness in specific developmental periods and for studying critical consciousness at multiple levels of the ecological system. We further note the dearth of rigorous experimental or quasi-experimental studies in the area of interventions to promote critical consciousness. In addition, we note that developmental questions-questions about the nature and function of critical consciousness over time-are largely unanswered in the literature, including questions about how critical consciousness manifests and develops during childhood. Leveraging the findings of our systematic review, we outline key next steps for this rapidly growing area of research.
Public Significance Statement
Critical consciousness is a person's awareness of oppressive social systems, their sense that they and their communities can work to resist oppression, and their engagement in antioppressive action. This systematic review indicates that critical consciousness may promote thriving among adolescents experiencing marginalization based on their race, social class, income, gender, or other aspects of their identities. Adults such as teachers, parents, and mentors can help to promote critical consciousness in children and youth.
This research addressed whether perceptions of antisocial peers play a role in shaping individual perceptions of the legitimacy of school authority figures in young people. Using data from a sample ...of 102 young people from Brisbane, Australia, who participated in the Ability School Engagement Program, we examined whether associating with peers who engage in antisocial behavior was related to perceptions of the legitimacy of school authority over time. Mixed‐effects linear regression analyses indicated that associations with antisocial peers were related to poorer perceptions of school authority over a 2‐year period. We also found that antisocial peer associations had a bigger impact on perceptions of school legitimacy for girls compared to boys. These relationships, however, were not statistically significant when perceptions of school procedural justice were controlled for, suggesting the important role of school procedural justice in shaping perceptions of school legitimacy, even among young people who associate with more antisocial peers.
With racial inequalities plaguing the U.S. school system, educators have recognized the importance of establishing inclusive, equitable, and diverse school environments where students from different ...ethnic-racial backgrounds can feel respected and supported. This study examined the longitudinal links between adolescents’ experiences of school racial socialization, school climate perceptions, and academic performance and tested whether these links varied by race (n = 941; 54% boys; 63% Black, 37% White). Results revealed that adolescents’ experience of school racial socialization practices (i.e., cultural socialization and promotion of cultural competence) predicted positive changes in their perceptions of school climate and, in turn, promoted better academic performance. School racial socialization was linked to positive school experiences and achievement for both Black and White adolescents.
Introduction: Behavioral problems are among the problems that challenge various aspects of an individual's life, including school, work, and especially family. The family is also one of the effective ...factors in creating and modifying these problems. Therefore, this study aimed to develop an emotion socialization parenting package and evaluate its effectiveness on the sense of competence of the mothers of 7-10- year-old female students with internalizing behaviors. Materials and Methods: This research was exploratory, having qualitative-quantitative nature. The qualitative phase focused on the development of an educational package using the content analysis method comprising six main themes: supportive reaction to child's emotions, parent's meta-emotion philosophy, family-centered emotional interactions, child's emotional competence development, emotion regulation training, and parents' non-supportive reactions to the child's emotions which were presented during eight sessions. The quantitative phase had a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population included all mothers of 7-10-year-old female students studying in Isfahan schools in the academic year of 2018-2019. So, 30 students with behavioral problems were selected using the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL)-Parent Report Form. Their mothers were divided into two experimental (emotion socialization training) and control groups. The Parenting Sense of Competence (PSOC) scale was used as pre-and post-tests. Data were analyzed by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Results: The results indicated that emotion socialization training significantly increased the mother's sense of competence (P< 0.001). Conclusion: It seems that emotion socialization training impacts positively on mother's sense of competence who have children with internalizing behaviors.
The current study examined how ethnic‐racial socialization (i.e., ERS; cultural socialization, preparation for bias) is shaped by neighborhood characteristics and parents’ perceived discrimination, ...as well as how ERS shapes youth ethnic‐racial identity (ERI) among Latinx parent‐adolescent dyads (N = 69) living in a new destination area (i.e., not historically settled by Latinx populations). Results showed that neighborhood diversity was positively associated with parents’ ERS beliefs, which in turn were associated with youth's perceptions of parents’ ERS behaviors, which predicted youth ERI outcomes (i.e., centrality and private regard). Neighborhood problems were negatively associated with youth public regard. Neither neighborhood problems nor parents’ perceived discrimination was associated with ERS. The current study adds to limited empirical evidence on how neighborhood structural and social characteristics impact ERS, and in turn, ERI, among Latinx families. Overall, study findings advance knowledge on how cultural and contextual factors shape ERS in an understudied context.
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