The article provides an overview of the number of illegal entries into the Member States of the European Union in the Mediterranean area. At the same time, separate reviews are presented for each of ...the three areas – the Eastern Mediterranean, the Central Mediterranean and the Western Mediterranean. The review period is limited by the last phase of the “migration crisis” of 2015/2016 and the COVID-19 pandemic, which also affected the number of illegal entries of third-country nationals into the EU. The paper presents exclusively statistical data relating to the external borders of Spain, Italy, Greece and Bulgaria. These four countries are the most represented in terms of the number of illegal entries of migrants through the southern borders of the EU. Other countries on the southern borders of the EU - Portugal, France, Croatia, Malta and Cyprus - have an insignificant share in the number of illegal entries of migrants or do not record such entries at all via sea borders. By presenting the trends in the number of illegal entries into the EU by the third-country nationals over a longer period, an attempt is made to give an insight into the possible influences that lead to stagnation or the progression of the analysed numbers in relation to possible factors of influence. The sources of data are the statistics of international organisations in charge of dealing with migrants, primarily the IOM, where the numerical data are also given in graphical representations in order to better present the statistical data. Special emphasis is placed on the East-Mediterranean route, which has a direct impact on the state of illegal migration to the so-called Western Balkan route and the Republic of Croatia. The analysed data show that after the end of the “migration crisis” in 2015, when the majority of illegal entries were recorded in the Eastern Mediterranean, already in 2016 the eastern and central routes in the Medi-terranean were equal in terms of the number of illegal entries, despite the fact that a large number of illegal entries of migrants via the East-Mediterranean route covered the entire first quarter of 2016. Already in 2017, the central part of the Mediterranean once again took the lead in the number of illegal entries of migrants through the southern borders of the EU. Spain and Greece were almost equal in number of illegal entries that year, with Greece representing a large decrease compared to 2016, while for Spain 2017 recorded an increase in illegal entries compared to the previous year. During 2018 and 2019, a new drastic change is taking place: the number of illegal entries significantly decreased in Italy, while the number in Greece, and even in Spain in one period, grew quite significantly. However, this decrease in the number of illegal entries via Italy had such a share in the total number of illegal entries that overall there was reason for optimism regarding the development of the situation of illegal migration in the Mediterranean. Finally, 2020 and 2021 were marked by the global outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic affecting migratory routes in the eastern, central and western Mediterranean completely differently. While the number of illegal entries in Greece dropped dramatically in both mentioned pandemic years, the number of illegal entries in the central and western Mediterranean raised significantly. Moreover, the number of illegal entries increased in these pandemic years even in Bulgaria, which borders Greece and forms part of the East-Mediterranean illegal migration route. By analysing the state of illegal migration in the Mediterranean area, and especially in the Eastern Mediterranean, the article tries to gain insight into the factors that influence the state of illegal migration in this part of the EU’s external borders. An overview of illegal migration trends in the Mediterranean in the period from 2016 to 2021 serves as a basis for reconsidering how the activities of the border authorities have influenced these trends and whether these activities have a significant impact on illegal migration and to what extent. Therefore, trends in illegal migration are presented as a phenomenon that is subject to change under the influence of various factors. The terms “push” and “pull factors” are used in paper to a lesser extent as scientific terms, and more as a framework in which the aforementioned variables are placed, with the help of which the bodies in charge of monitoring the external borders of the EU try to predict the mindsets of the migrants when making a decision on choosing a migration route. From analysed examples, it can be seen that a decline in the interest of migrants from Asia and Africa to enter the territory of the Union cannot be expected. The intensity of these movements is constantly changing, depending on the push factors, but it is difficult to foresee a change in the trend especially due to unexpected effects of the deterioration of the overall political, economic, humanitarian and climate picture in the world.
Mediteranska prehrana 3.0 Tominac, Ana; Moro, Elisabetta; Albala, Ken ...
Etnološka tribina,
12/2023, Volume:
53, Issue:
46
Journal Article, Paper
Peer reviewed
Open access
Ovaj će rad nastojati u kratkim crtama opisati konceptualne transformacije mediteranske prehrane od druge polovine 20. stoljeća do danas. Ovaj nesumnjivo popularni prehrambeni model, koji objedinjuje ...različite prehrambene kulture Sredozemlja, isprva je prepoznat kao zdravstveno blagotvoran, nudeći pomoć u prevenciji kardiovaskularnih bolesti. Početni impuls globalne popularnosti prehrambene kulture Sredozemlja, koji dolazi iz medicinskih i nutricionističkih znanosti, dugoročno je pripomogao pojednostavljenju složenih prehrambenih sustava Sredozemlja koji se od 2000-ih počinju prepoznavati kao homogeni kulinarski i kulturni obrazac. Nakon što je mediteranska prehrana 2010. godine upisana na UNESCO-ovu Reprezentativnu listu nematerijalne kulturne baštine čovječanstva, razumijevanje ove prehrambene kulture nesumnjivo se promijenilo. Danas mediteranska prehrana dobiva svoje nove artikulacije unutar politika održivog razvoja, očuvanja bioraznolikosti i ekosustava koje dugoročno nastoje razviti nove političke i ekonomske modele u okviru nužne transformacije trenutnih prehrambenih sustava prema zelenijim i održivijim rješenjima.
This paper will try to sketch the conceptual transformations of the Mediterranean diet from the second half of the 20th century to the present. This undoubtedly popular food model, which combines various food cultures of the Mediterranean, was initially recognized due to its health benefits, contributing to the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. The initial impulse for the global popularity of the Mediterranean food culture, which came from medical and nutrition sciences, has helped simplify, in the long run, the complex food systems of the Mediterranean, which have been recognized as a homogeneous culinary and cultural pattern since the 2000s. After the Mediterranean diet was inscribed on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2010, the understanding of this food culture changed. Today, the Mediterranean diet is being examined within the context of sustainable development policies and the protection of biodiversity and ecosystems with the aim of developing new long-term political and economic models within the necessary transformations of present food systems towards greener and more sustainable solutions.
Unter der Annahme, dass der Orientalismus und Balkanismus nicht einmal rudimentär die reichhaltigen interkulturellen Beziehungen zwischen Europa und dem Mittelmeer erfasst, argumentiert die ...vorliegende Forschungsarbeit, dass es nötig ist, einen weiteren Diskurs in Ermangelung einer besseren Bezeichnung unter dem Namen Mediterranismus einzubeziehen. Darunter sind kulturelle Imaginationen des Mittelmeeres als philosophische und poetische Denkfigur der europäischen Schriftkultur zu verstehen. Die Hauptaufgabe ist dabei auf der Grundlage der Begriffsgeschichte in Fragmenten und der Deduktion der heuristischen theoretischen Hypothesen eine Rekonstruktion und kontrastive und komplementäre Komparation dieser drei Diskursformationen durchzuführen, unter der Einsicht, dass sie unter den Bedingungen der Moderne bei der europäischen Selbstbesinnung zugleich entgegengesetzt und miteinander verwoben sind. Daher enthalten sie eine ganze Reihe von perzeptiven, affektiven und kognitiven Gegensätzen und Widersprüchen, die gesondert in weiteren Forschungsarbeiten zu untersuchen sind.
V sodobnih mestih se lokalna tekmovalnost za finančne vire krepi bolj kot kdaj koli in vodi v razvoj mest, za katera je značilna pomembna družbenoekonomska preobrazba. V dosedanjih raziskavah so ...avtorji tesno povezavo med širjenjem mest, družbenoekonomskim razvojem in megadogodki proučevali samo za določena območja in vrste rasti mest, pri čemer so pogosto prezrli vlogo megadogodkov pri krepitvi nenačrtnega širjenja mestnih območij. Atene so kot gostiteljica poletnih olimpijskih iger leta 2004 tipičen primer razvijajočega se mesta, ki gosti megadogodek, in sicer predvsem zaradi tesne povezave med olimpijado, razvojem infrastrukture in nenačrtnim širjenjem mesta. V članku avtorja prikrito razmerje med gospodarskim razmahom kot posledico olimpijskih iger in preveliko liberalnostjo urbanizma povežeta z dolgoročnim nenadzorovanim širjenjem mestnih površin, značilnim za razvoj Aten. Ker so posledične družbenoekonomske razmere omogočile začetni val nenadzorovanega širjenja mestnega območja, jih pojasnjujeta kot šibkost konkurenčnega mesta na slabo načrtovanih in dolgotrajno dereguliranih urbanih območjih, kot je atensko. Podrobna analiza najnovejših razvojnih stopenj gospodarske rasti in nesklenjenega širjenja mestnih površin daje dodaten vpogled v procese nenačrtnega širjenja današnjih mest in pomaga prepoznati morfološke vzorce in družbenoekonomske dinamike, ki so značilne za širjenje mest med izmenjujočimi se cikli gospodarske rasti in recesije.
U radu se govori o Sredozemlju (Mediteranu) kao „mjestu susreta i mira“. Naime, na poziv Talijanske biskupske konferencije održan je u Bariju od 19. do 23. veljače 2020. susret katoličkih biskupa iz ...područja zemalja koje su povezane sa Sredozemljem. Na susret koji je organiziran prvi put u povijesti došlo je 58 predstavnika iz 20 „mediteranskih zemalja“. Na pitanje zašto je organiziran ovaj susret odgovorio je predsjednik Talijanske biskupske konferencije kardinal Gualtiero Bassetti: „Ovom inicijativom nismo se htjeli svrstati s prorocima nedaće koji dižu ruke kad su neredi i ratovi u pitanju.., jer vjerujemo da ljubav jača od mržnje, dijalog od fundamentalizma i pravda od bezakonja“. A projekt susretu Crkava iz Sredozemlja ima povijesne korijene koji su vezani uz „proročko viđenje“ gradonačelnika Firence, Giorgia La Pire, koji je pedesetih godina prošloga stoljeća organizirao „Mediteranske razgovore“. On je Mediteran nazvao „Tiberijadskim jezerom“ oko kojega su smješteni narodi koji pripadaju „trostrukoj Abrahamovoj obitelji“. Ovoga puta poziv je upućen katoličkim biskupima sa Sredozemlja da dođu u Bari na „susret, razgovor i molitvu“ koja je završila euharistijskim slavljem s Papom Franjom, u nedjelju 23. veljače 2020. godine.
Premda susret nije bio „znanstveni skup“, ali bio je povijesni i zapažen medijski događaj na kojem su biskupi na „sinodalan način“ govorili o znakovima vremena za ovo naše doba, te izmijenili bogatu i raznoliku liturgijsku, eklezijalnu i duhovnu crkvenu tradiciju. Okupljeni oko pape Franje, s kojim je završio ovaj susret, osjetilo se „proročke riječi“ Svetoga Oca kojima nas usmjerava i potiče da preko ekumenskih i međureligijskih susret „budemo mirotvorci i promicatelji dijaloga među ljudima i narodima“. U tom vidu pisanje i djelovanje „sluge Božjega La Pire o Mediteranu kao „mostu koji povezuje prostore i ljude“, povezano s „teologijom koja ima biti u službi mira i kulture dijaloga“, imalo je osobito značenje na susretu biskupa u Bariju s temom „Sredozemlje kao mjestu susreta i mira“.
Iako se Sredozemlje smatra jednom od najstarijih prostornih cjelina u svijetu, njegove su granice još uvijek predmet istraživanja i rasprava. Ovaj rad nastoji pridonijeti definiranju Sredozemlja ili ...Mediterana kroz ispitivanje percepcije njegova prostornog obuhvata u Hrvatskoj i povezanosti s fizičkim i sociokulturnim obilježjima prostora. Istraživanje je provedeno metodom kognitivnih karata na uzorku od dvjesto ispitanika. Kao rezultat dobivena je široka granična zona koja razdvaja tzv. ''pravo'' Sredozemlje od područja koja nisu dijelovi Sredozemlja. Ta zona u određenoj mjeri ima svojstva neizrazitog skupa (engl. fuzzy set) koji predstavlja postupni prijelaz između polova pripadnosti određenom skupu. Rezultati istraživanja na ispitanicima pokazali su da je najveća podudarnost percipiranih granica Sredozemlja s dinarskim smjerom pružanja reljefa (sjeverozapad-jugoistok), osim u Istri, te s obalnom crtom u čitavom hrvatskom primorju. Rezultati također pokazuju da su pri odabiru percipirane granice Sredozemlja čimbenici prirodne sredine važniji od sociokulturnih.
The Catalogue of Good Practices of Sustainable Culinary Heritage Experiences in Mediterranean Area provides a detailed description of 18 culinary experiences from 8 different Mediterranean countries: ...Italy, France, Spain, Portugal, Croatia, Greece, Cyprus and Slovenia. The good practices cover various types of culinary experiences, namely tourist sites networks dedicated to food or culinary products, services connected to food products, professional activities linked to food highlighted through a touristic activity, culinary events, specific tourist sites dedicated to food or culinary products. The Catalogue reveals how culinary experiences work, who is involved, and what are the “ingredients” which make them successful. Each culinary experience is described through a story in which you will find valuable information on: local (territorial) anchoring and relationship to heritage, organising and managing aspects, relation to existing policies and strategies, sustainability aspects, innovative aspects, monitoring and stakeholders’ views.
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