마리야 보치카료바라는 여성은 러시아 현대사에서 매우 독특한 인물이다. 유형수인 배우자를 따라 시베리아에서 지내던 보치카료바는 제1차 세계대전이 일어나자 자원해서 군대에 들어가서 훈련을 마치고 러시아군 병사가 되어 최전선에서 싸웠으며, 1917년 혁명기에는 싸우기를 거부하는 남성 병사들을 부끄럽게 만들어 싸우게 만들 목적으로 여성결사대대를 편성해서 조련했고 ...실전에서 지휘했다. 10월 혁명의 여파 속에서 여성결사대대가 해체된 뒤에 보치카료바는 미국과 영국으로 건너가 볼셰비키 정권을 물리칠 간섭군을 러시아에 보내라고 요청했다. 러시아에 돌아온 보치카료바는 반혁명 운동에 가담했다 체포되어 1919년에 총살되었다. 보치카료바는 1918년 여름에 미국에서 자기의 삶을 구술해서 영어로 씌어진 자서전 『야시카』를 펴냈다. 『야시카』에는 진솔한 고백과 내면의 토로, 사건의 진실과 지난날의 생생한 재현이 들어 있는 한편으로 오류와 혼동, 누락과 과장, 왜곡과 허위도 섞여 있다. 따라서 『야시카』는 소중하지만 신중하게 다뤄야 할 사료이다. 『야시카』에 들어있는 진실을 가리거나 그 진실과 뒤섞인 오류와 혼동, 누락과 과장, 왜곡과 허위를 걷어내거나 걸러내야 한다. 다시 말해서, 엄정한 사료 비판의 대상이 되어야 한다. 모든 자서전과 회고록이 그렇듯이, 보치카료바의 자서전은 엄정한 비판과 신중한 접근이 이루어져야만, 역사의 진실을 밝혀주는 사료가 될 수 있다.
This article aims to illuminate the life of Maria Bochkareva, the commander of the First Russian Women’s Battalion of Death and to review her autobiography Yashka: My Life as Peasant, Exile and Soldier. Bochkareva is a very unique figure in the modern history of Russia. When the First World War broke out, Bochkareva who lived in Siberia with her spouse in exile volunteered to join the Russian army, completed the military training to be a regular soldier, and fought the enemy on the front lines. During the revolutionary process of 1917, she organized and trained the Women’s Battalion of Death with a view to convincing the male soldiers to fight by making them ashamed, and then commanded the battalion in the actual battles. After the Women’s Battalion of Death was disbanded in the aftermath of the October Revolution, Bochkareva went to the United States and England to ask for the intervention force to be sent to Russia and to defeat the Bolshevik regime. 1919 saw that Bochkaleva who returned to Russia and joined the counter-revolutionary movement in Siberia was arrested and shot by the Bolsheviks. While in the United States in 1918, Bochkareva dictated her life story and published her autobiography Yashka written in English. This text contains the sincere confessions, the inner revelations, the truth of the events and the vivid reproductions of the past, while there are some errors and confusions, some omissions and exaggerations, and a number of distortions and falsehoods. Therefore, Yashka is an important and precious historical source that needs to be handled carefully. Errors and confusion, omissions and exaggerations, distortions and falsities mixed with the truths must be removed or filtered out. In a nutshell, Yashka should be subject to the strict source criticism. As with all autobiographies and memoirs, Yashka could be a source of historical truth only when it is subject to strict criticism and careful approach.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to: introduce the topic of the relationship between universities and the First World War historiographically; put university expertise and knowledge at the centre ...of studies of the First World War; and explain how an examination of university expertise and war reveals a continuity of intellectual and scientific activity from war to peace.
Design/methodology/approach
Placing the papers in the special issue of HER on universities and war in the context of a broader historiography of the First World War and its aftermath.
Findings
The interconnections between university expertise and the First World War is a neglected field, yet its examination enriches the current historiography and prompts us to see the war not simply in terms of guns and battles but also how the battlefield extended university expertise with long-lasting implications into the 1920s and 1930s.
Originality/value
The paper explores how universities and their expertise – e.g. medical, artistic, philosophical – were mobilised in the First World War and the following peace.
Bećarac is a sung record of a personal tragedy, or an authentic artefact of historical events at a particular territory. Since many such verses have been written in Slavonia, the author has found it ...important to analyse the discourse of war. The aim of this paper is to show, by using comparative and interpretative methods of reading verses and historical facts, how local people apprehended war events, which consequences it had on their lives and the way of thinking about the horrors of the war, how this topic was present in the everyday coexistence of conflict and tolerance, and whether it is possible to give a credible account of the first World War though these verses. Is it possible to come to objective information based on these texts which were made out of pure subjectivity? The corpus consists of the songs from the first half of the twentieth century.
The present article opens some new questions about Begunka pri zibeli The Refugee by the Cradle, one of Anton Lajovic’s best and most expressive songs for voice and piano, which was also connected ...with the historical events by the Soča/Isonzo front in the First World War. Special attention is given to the original literary text by Oton Župančič. His allusions to the painting of the Virgin Mary from the place of pilgrimage Sveta gora near Gorica/Gorizia, which also shared the refugee’s fate, could bring new insights into the identity of the “refugee by the cradle”.
Denmark during the First World War Gram-Skjoldager, Karen
Journal of modern European history,
05/2019, Volume:
17, Issue:
2
Journal Article
When war broke out in the summer of 1914, the Danish government responded by declaring the country neutral. This decision marked the beginning of a particular neutral Danish war experience. This ...article analyses how Danish politics and society were affected by and responded to the war. It explores four themes in particular: the relationship between neutrality, trade and economic warfare; internationalist and humanitarian practices; political and redistributive responses to the war and the particular ‘neutral’ cultural processing of the war in Denmark. It argues that while the material and human consequences of the war were negligent compared to those experienced by belligerent societies, the war did have substantial effect on the Danish state and society, creating new diplomatic and political practices, reshaping economic relations and shifting domestic power balances.
The First World War and the Trianon Treaty shocked the Hungarian economy. The Hungarian government implemented a payment moratorium from the start of the war, but after a one-year long moratorium, ...the government wanted to restore the working of the economy. But it desired to avoid the massive bankruptcies of the firms; therefore, a new institution, the compulsory non-bankruptcy settlement was introduced by the government in Hungary for helping the debtors. In my paper, I examine the rearrangement of the insolvency law in the interwar period which was generated by the compulsory nonbankruptcy settlement. This appeared beside the bankruptcy procedure, which regulation was passed by the National Assembly in 1881. It was the second Hungarian bankruptcy act, which remained unchanged until socialism. These two procedures were the significant elements of the insolvency law in the examined period. In my paper, I present the circumstances of the new institution’s introduction, its
modification and its relation to the bankruptcy procedure.
After the end of the First World War in November 1918, the Allies were involved in a military campaign in the Ottoman lands, leading to a national resistance by Turks that would end in 1923. It is ...relevant to provide actual information on the outcomes of the Turkish War of Independence, since it was a longlived event that paved the way for further problems on the belligerents’ economies. Using unique data for the value of the gold from 1919 to 1925 at the İstanbul bourse, our analysis complements the historical arguments as historians may find political risks difficult to quantify. We observe that in 1921 the Turkish victories created expectations on the part of traders that the war could end soon, as is manifested in exchange rate fluctuations. The Turkish economy would have experienced higher financial instability with the Allies’ occupation and resistance in 1920, creating a lower chance to return the pre-war gold content of the belligerents’ currencies.
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