Abstract
Encoding techniques are getting the essential role of conversation. Strategies like Manchester and FM0 encoding are used as a part of numerous applications.Every strategy has distinctive ...activities relies upon its requirements. Every single encoding plan is utilized without losing any of its parameters. SOLS, which incorporates architecture and sync, and DSRC framework is often used to preserve the dc balance, and signal reliability is the semi-oriented logic simplification technology (SOLS). We may reduce the number of transistors and change DC by applying both procedures. The present work manages to get an incorporated design of FM0, Manchester encoding to conquer a traditional method. In this provided method, the number of hardware modules is minimized, and the total area used in Dedicated Short Reach Communication (DSRC) is consequently decreased.
Trigger transceiver and timing control system for ADITYA-U tokamak Shah, Minsha; Edappala, Praveenlal; Raulji, Vismay ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
July 2024, 2024-07-00, Volume:
1064
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
The trigger transceiver and timing control system described in this study is developed to generate multiple triggers with varying delays to synchronize various subsystems with plasma discharges in ...the ADITYA Upgrade (ADITYA-U) tokamak (Ghosh et al., 2016) 1. The Toroidal Field Power Supply (TFPS) is a fundamental component for each plasma discharge in the ADITYA-U, which generates a master trigger pulse for the particular discharge. The rise time of Toroidal Field Power Supply is 2 s and the loop voltage which is required to initiate the plasma discharge begins at 2.4 s after the master trigger. So the loop voltage is time-stamped at t = 0 and the master trigger from TFPS is time-stamped at t = −2.4 s and considered as a pre-trigger. Apart from this master trigger at t = −2.4 s, two more pre-trigger pulses, one at ∼ −40 ms and another at ∼ −4 ms, prior to the initiation of loop voltage trigger are generated by the power supply. These pre-trigger pulses generated by TFPS constitute the backbone of the entire discharge timing sequence, and they operate/control/initiate numerous ADITYA-U subsystems such as the gas puffing system, data acquisition system, radio frequency pre-ionization and heating system, plasma position control, and so on. So a suitable trigger generator system was needed to be developed in which three pre-trigger pulses (time stamped @ −2.4 s, −40 ms, and −4 ms prior to the loop voltage trigger) arriving from the TFPS may be selected and altered based on the experimental needs. To cater these requirements in ADITYA-U, a trigger transceiver and timing control system has been developed. The system has been successfully operated over ∼6000 discharges of ADITYA-U and functioned satisfactorily in all discharges in daily experiments with no failures. This study will discuss the detailed design elements and implementation of the Trigger Transceiver and Timing Control System for ADITYA-U plasma operations.
ATmega series AVR microcontrollers (e.g., ATmega8A or ATmega16A) and ARM microcontrollers with a Cortex M3 core (e.g., STM32F103С8T6) are among the most popular controllers used in solving ...engineering problems related to servicing various fire and security alarm sensors and devices for metering household and industrial power consumption. At the same time, to transfer the data via a twisted pair or AC voltage network, it needs to be encoded using Manchester 1 or Manchester 2 code, and said AVR and ARM microcontroller units (MCU) contain no hardware encoder and decoder for the Manchester code.
The study aimed at solving the engineering problem of implementing the codec (encoder-decoder) of the Manchester code based on the hardware interfaces of low-performance microcontrollers.
The direct implementation of the encoding algorithm with the Manchester code using a purely software-driven approach significantly decreases the information transfer rate. At the same time, among the hardware interfaces of the MCU, there is always a serial universal asynchronous data transceiver (UART). However, the UART data transfer protocol is not generally suitable for Manchester encoding and, therefore, needs to be software adapted.
In order to adapt the UART protocol to the conditions of Manchester encoding, the 8N1 mode is selected at the hardware level, which means 8 data bits, 1 stop and 1 start bit. The software implementation of the encoder consists in the fact that out of the total possible volume of 256 code combinations, 16 are selected that satisfy the Manchester 2 code, while the start and stop conditions for data bytes transmitted in a row also satisfy the structure of the Manchester code.
To maximize the efficiency of the program code, all code words are stored in the memory of the MCU in such a way that their serial number corresponds to the decimal interpretation of 4 bits of the input data. The decoding of the received data is also performed as efficiently as possible using the decoding table.
The implementation of the software and hardware codec of the Manchester code significantly expands the scope of popular AVR and ARM microcontrollers and reduces the cost of the finished product by excluding any additional units that perform the function of encoding and decoding the Manchester code.
Automatic Street Light Control System
International journal of innovative technology and exploring engineering,
10/2019, Volume:
8, Issue:
11S
Journal Article
Open access
This paper is concerned with the automation in street lighting system. The projected work describes the automatic working of street lights according to seasons and timing of a day. The system ...comprises of microcontroller, GPS, RTC to implement the work. Projected work overcomes the drawbacks of previous systems like is error in timing, by using the information about time with the help of GPS. Microcontroller takes the data and accordingly operation of lighting on/off is performed. RTC comes into action in case of any interruption. The system works without any operator. The developed have some advantages like energy saving as lights are on according to timings and increase in life of luminaire.
In this brief, we present a novel Channel-Aware, Non-Sampling UART architecture. This innovative approach, unlike conventional sampling-based techniques, utilizes timeouts and edge-related ...information for frame decoding. The architecture demonstrates exceptional resilience to clock frequency variations, while also employing a lower frequency clock. The overall efficiency of the architecture is further improved by measuring and subsequently compensating for channel distortions such as rise and fall time.
The handloom industry hasn′t been computerized for the past few decades for textile design development purposes. For the design creation process, the industry has used punched cards, which are made ...up of paper. The durability of these punched cards did not exist for a long time due to their repeated usage. Now, due to technological migration, the usage of punched cards on the looms is being reduced. But to restore the traditional woven designs from the old punched cards, which would have been produced several decades ago, is highly essential. At present, manually, the punch holes are parsed, and the implied woven design may be restored. But it is a cumbersome process. To ease this operation, the 120-hook punched card reader was developed with the help of funding assistance from the Department of Scientific Industrial Research (PRISM) and the Government of India Scheme. This device will transform the old punched card data into digital form.
El presente artículo tiene como objetivo básico comunicar a los lectores los resultados del Proyecto de Investigación 29/C060 “La trayectoria profesional de los graduados de las carreras docentes de ...la UART-UNPA entre 1990 y 2015: Conocer para comprender y reflexionar sobre los 25 años de formación docente en la Cuenca Carbonífera”, radicado en el Instituto de Educación y Ciudadanía de la Unidad Académica Río Turbio, sede de la Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral.
Comenzando por una mirada retrospectiva a través de la historia de la institución universitaria, luego se presentan las principales categorías de análisis que se han tenido en cuenta en la investigación. Posteriormente, se explica la metodología utilizada en el proceso de investigación, que consistió fundamentalmente en la construcción y aplicación de diversos dispositivos a fin de indagar en los diferentes trayectos laborales-profesionales de los graduados universitarios. A continuación, se exponen los resultados obtenidos a partir de dichos dispositivos constituidos por los talleres de docentes, la reflexión, la encuesta –presencial y mediada por TICs-, y la interpretación de un cortometraje, hasta arribar a las conclusiones a modo de palabras finales.
Reliability and built in test are very important parameters for the development of product. Reliability ensures the consistent working of product without failure for long term. Built In Test ...Equipment (BITE) ensures the ability of the product to test itself. This paper presents the implementation of SPI interface to work with multichannel ADC and also illustrates how the reliability and BITE are achieved. Analog to digital converters are mainly used in embedded systems to convert the analog data received by the sensors to digital data. ADCs only provide the real time connectivity to the digital world. Recent trends in semiconductor technology incorporate the multiple numbers of ADCs, and DACs into controllers, and FPGAs. Controllers with inbuilt ADCs and DACs are considered mainly for static applications, whereas FPGAs such as RFSoCs from M/s Xilinx and M/s Intel are used for dynamic applications mainly for high frequency RF bands where stringent task of synchronization across the channels has been simplified. STM32F7 has 19 ADCs as on-chip peripherals. But, if more number of ADC channels are required, or if requirement of other peripherals such as UART, I2C, Ethernet, GPIOs etc is increased, or even few of the inbuilt ADCs cannot be used due to shortage of the dedicated pins, then external ADC is to be used. STM32F7 series controllers are equipped with a Serial peripheral Interconnect (SPI) bus, I2C, UART, etc to communicate with the off chip peripherals. ADC ICs are available with data transfer interfaces such as SPI, I2C, UART etc. This claim presents the hardware interfacing of ADC with SPI interface to STM32F7 Microcontroller and the unique implementation using SPI interface. Microcontroller facilitates an easy unique implementation of 3-wire SPI serial interface. Slave select line is hardwired to save a pin if there are no multiple slave devices connected. A methodology is presented to expand the interconnections of more numbers of ADCs with limited GPIOs.
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