This open access volume analyses the challenges, problems and solutions of startups in times of global crises. It, first, provides an overview of the principles and fundamentals of successful ...entrepreneurship and startup development and talks about important resilience factors for meaningful entrepreneurship. Then, it analyses the findings and events that have come to light during the Covid-19 crisis and the Ukraine war. The volume discusses examples of successful and unsuccessful entrepreneurship for startups and small businesses in various Asian countries and thereby also provides an international perspective. Against these discussions, the contributors talk about possible political framework conditions for successful entrepreneurship. The volume overall provides experts in the fields of organizational studies, well-being and resilience research, economic policy, economic promotion, and science with a useful resource that condenses and summarizes current economic crises, financial crises and political crises from the perspective of entrepreneurship. The findings produced here are the result of many years of international research cooperation between the contributors and the editor.
This paper proposes a model of how incumbents and new entrants engage in sustainable entrepreneurship. We suggest that in the early stages of an industry's sustainability transformation, new entrants ...(‘Emerging Davids’) are more likely than incumbents to pursue sustainability-related opportunities. Incumbents react to the activities of new entrants by engaging in corporate sustainable entrepreneurship activities. While these ‘Greening Goliaths’ are often less ambitious in their environmental and social goals, they may have a broader reach due to their established market presence. This paper analyses the interplay between ‘Greening Goliaths’ and ‘Emerging Davids’ and theorizes about how it is their compounded impact that promotes the sustainable transformation of industries.
The study’s purpose was to assess the factors influencing the establishment of startup businesses in Philippine Cities during the pandemic. To achieve this, a quantitative method employing a causal ...explanatory research design was utilized. The study relied on data from the cities and municipalities competitive index (CMCI), which were then analyzed using the Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Multiple linear regression. The findings of the study revealed a positive and significant relationship between newly approved businesses and four variables: the number of banks, the presence of a business-one-stop-shop (boss) operating throughout the year, the availability of broadband services, and the presence of transportation options. These factors were shown to have a significant impact on the establishment of startup businesses in Philippine cities. Regression analysis identified local inflation rate, number of banks, and transportation options as significant predictors of startup businesses in Philippine cities. A 1% increase in the inflation rate resulted in a 69.286 decrease in startups. Based on these factors, the study concluded that launching a business during the pandemic was found to be exceedingly challenging, with existing startups facing greater vulnerability to COVID-19 shocks compared to established businesses. This study highlighted the challenges faced by startups during the pandemic and emphasized the importance of factors like financial access, streamlined registration processes, reliable internet, transportation infrastructure, and inflation rates. Understanding these factors is vital for policymakers and entrepreneurs striving to foster startup establishment and growth in Philippine cities during challenging times.
► We address various aspects of academic entrepreneurship in the 30th anniversary of the Bay-Dole act. ► We describe the evolving role of universities in the commercialization of research results ...over the last 30 years. ► We synthesize papers from the special section and outline an agenda for future research.
On the 30th anniversary of enactment of the Bayh–Dole Act in the U.S., we consider the rationale for academic entrepreneurship and describe the evolving role of universities in the commercialization of research. We also discuss and appraise the effects of legislative reform in several OECD countries relating to academic entrepreneurship. The article synthesizes papers from the special section and outlines an agenda for additional research on various aspects of academic entrepreneurship in terms of system, university and individual levels. We also consider measurement and methodological issues that must be addressed in additional research.
Much prior research in entrepreneurship has focused on the role of the founder's knowledge in affecting new firm performance. Yet, little is known about how and why the entrepreneurial opportunity ...itself shapes outcomes in this arena. We begin filling in this critical gap in the literature by examining how the riskiness of the opportunity not only affects start-up performance, but also conditions the relevance of the founder's distinct knowledge endowments. Analyses of a sample of 451 new firms show that the riskier the opportunity, the greater the performance of the start-up, above and beyond founder characteristics. Moreover, the value of founder knowledge is relative to the type of opportunity exploited: high-risk opportunities favor founders with managerial experience, whereas low-risk opportunities favor founders with industry experience.
Quality control of the mitochondrion Ng, Matthew Yoke Wui; Wai, Timothy; Simonsen, Anne
Developmental cell,
04/2021, Volume:
56, Issue:
7
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Mitochondria are essential organelles that execute and coordinate various metabolic processes in the cell. Mitochondrial dysfunction severely affects cell fitness and contributes to disease. Proper ...organellar function depends on the biogenesis and maintenance of mitochondria and its >1,000 proteins. As a result, the cell has evolved mechanisms to coordinate protein and organellar quality control, such as the turnover of proteins via mitochondria-associated degradation, the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and mitoproteases, as well as the elimination of mitochondria through mitophagy. Specific quality control mechanisms are engaged depending upon the nature and severity of mitochondrial dysfunction, which can also feed back to elicit transcriptional or proteomic remodeling by the cell. Here, we will discuss the current understanding of how these different quality control mechanisms are integrated and overlap to maintain protein and organellar quality and how they may be relevant for cellular and organismal health.
Based on three case studies of Chinese Internet start‐ups, this study seeks to address the research question: “How is digital entrepreneurship enacted in China?” Our findings reveal that there was a ...common theme that underpinned the start‐ups we studied, which we termed ‘Qinghuai’ in the language of the informants we spoke with. In this paper, we explain the roots of the concept and its six constituent elements at the individual, organizational, and ecosystem levels. These elements are then ed into two dimensions: (a) spiritual idealism and (b) perpetual development. We argue that Qinghuai as a concept is a product and reflection of the cultural and institutional complexity of contemporary China. Further, we discuss how Qinghuai facilitates digital entrepreneurship across the business, organizational, and technological domains. This explanation is substantiated by data from our three cases and juxtaposed with what has been discussed in the existing digital entrepreneurship literature. Finally, as we present the contributions of our study, we elaborate on (a) how Qinghuai reflects the contemporary context of China; (b) how Qinghuai is instrumental to digital entrepreneurship in China; and (c) how Qinghuai is different from other related concepts including Guanxi, collectivism, collective action and social entrepreneurship. We conclude the paper by discussing its limitations, future research opportunities, as well as its practical implications.
Purpose
T 2$$ {}_2 $$‐weighted turbo‐spin‐echo (TSE) sequences are a fundamental technique in brain imaging but suffer from field inhomogeneities at ultra‐high fields. Several methods have been ...proposed to mitigate the problem, but were limited so far to nonselective three‐dimensional (3D) measurements, making short acquisitions difficult to achieve when targeting very high resolution images, or needed additional calibration procedures, thus complicating their application.
Methods
Slab‐selective excitation pulses were designed for flexible placement utilizing the concept of k T$$ {}_T $$‐spokes. Phase‐coherent refocusing universal pulses were subsequently optimized with the Gradient Ascent Pulse Engineering algorithm and tested in vivo for improved signal homogeneity.
Results
Implemented within a 3D variable flip angle TSE sequence, these pulses led to a signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) improvement ranging from 10% to 30% compared to a two‐dimensional (2D) T2w TSE sequence employing B1+$$ {\mathrm{B}}_1^{+} $$‐shimmed pulses. B1+$$ {\mathrm{B}}_1^{+} $$ field inhomogeneities could be mitigated and artifacts from B0$$ {\mathrm{B}}_0 $$ deviations reduced. The concept of universal pulses was successfully applied.
Conclusion
We present a pulse design method which provides a set of calibration‐free universal pulses (UPs) for slab‐selective excitation and phase‐coherent refocusing in slab‐selective TSE sequences.
Our study illustrates how scientists contribute to the performance of innovative start‐ups through an analysis of 211 Italian start‐ups with and without scientist founders. Building upon imprinting ...theory, we hypothesize and find that scientists provide an advantage to innovative start‐ups to the extent that they stimulate open innovation (i.e., search breadth and depth). However, for this to effectively occur, the involvement of multiple scientist founders is needed, so that their career imprints internalized in the lab are successfully transferred to the start‐up. Moreover, if the start‐up embraces business practices (i.e., strategic planning) or departs from scientific logics (i.e., pursuing non‐commercial goals), scientists’ contribution is further increased. Therefore, our study illustrates how the scientist career imprint can provide an advantage to innovative start‐ups with multiple scientists, but also how it can act as a rigidity if the start‐up does not pursue strategic planning or emphasizes non‐commercial goals.
Ubiquitin-fold modifier 1 (UFM1) is covalently conjugated to protein substrates via a cascade of enzymatic reactions, a process known as UFMylation. UFMylation orchestrates an array of vital ...biological functions, including maintaining endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis, facilitating protein biogenesis, promoting cellular differentiation, regulating DNA damage response, and participating in cancer-associated signaling pathways. UFMylation has rapidly evolved into one of the forefront research areas within the last few years, yet much remains to be uncovered. In this review, first, UFMylation and its cellular functions associated with diseases are briefly introduced. Then, we summarize the proteomic approaches for identifying UFMylation substrates and explore the impact of UFMylation on gene transcription, protein translation, and maintenance of ER homeostasis. Next, we highlight the intricate regulation between UFMylation and two protein degradation pathways, the ubiquitin-proteasome system and the autophagy-lysosome pathway, and explore the potential of UFMylation system as a drug target. Finally, we discuss emerging perspectives in the UFMylation field. This review may provide valuable insights for drug discovery targeting the UFMylation system.
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