The archive data of the television experiment performed by the
Venera-14
spacecraft on the surface of the planet Venus in March, 1982, were reprocessed, which significantly improved the image ...definition quality. An unusual geologic object located relatively near the camera was found, which allowed its details to be analyzed. The object is a low long bank in shape; it is formed by a relatively thin, jagged, almost vertical stratum. The bank contours the oval formation 1.5–2 m across that stands out against the layered surface. The location of the bank suggests that its material is extruded from under the layered plates surrounding the oval formation. A segment of the bank resembling a falling wave is inclined and partly covers the surface by forming the beddings. The object is likely formed by the rocks that remain semisoftened (plastic), when they appear on the surface at the temperature characteristic for the Venusian surface (about 740 K). It is suggested that, from the data on the physical and chemical conditions and the composition of the Venusian surface, the nature of the observed plastic medium can be hypothesized, and it can be even modeled under laboratory conditions.
This paper is dedicated to the life and creative career of Georgii N. Babakin, the outstanding designer of native robotic space complexes for fundamental scientific studies of the Moon, Venus, and ...Mars, and Chief Designer of the S.A. Lavochkin machine building enterprise.
The second-largest terrestrial object in the solar system is Venus, the second planet closest to the Sun. Up until a few of its mysteries were discovered by astrophysics in the mid-twentieth century, ...the terrain of Venus was indeed a matter of conjecture. Images taken by the Венера (Venera) space probes in 1975 and 1982 showed a surface that was coated in mud and had rather angular rocks. Venus has much more volcanism compared to any other planet within the Solar System, and they dominate its surface. 90% of its surface is made of basalt, and roughly 65% of the globe is covered in a tapestry of molten lava expanses, showing that magmatism was a significant factor in forming the stratosphere. There has been volcanism on Venus over the past 2.5 million years, however, there is no concrete evidence that a recent eruption of a volcano has occurred. A NASA plan from 1967-1968 called for sending three humans to Venus in an Apollo-derived spacecraft in 1973-1974 for a flyby mission, with a gravity assist to speed up the return trip to Earth. But, due to certain preparatory fallacies, the mission was not conducted. Recent advances in Deep Learning, Machine Learning, and Artificial Intelligence have greatly boosted technology. One of the most important contributions of this technique to mankind is Imagery Analysis. Data from the Soviet's Venera space probes show the presence of volcanoes on the Venusian terrains. Subjecting to these, in this article, we would devise a model that could predict the presence of a Volcano on the patch of a surface on Venus. This would allow us to successfully conduct manned mission to Venus. The space probe would capture images of Venusian Terrain on reaching the Venusian Atmosphere and feed that to the pre-trained model for prediction. Thus, the region having chances of a volcano could be defied easily.
Standardized modules are considered, such as the main propulsion system, space platform, and reusable spacecraft, that were developed within the scope of the Phobos-Grunt project. It is proposed that ...long-term interplanetary stations for fundamental space research should be created based on these modules. A description is given of the alleged scientific space projects for the medium term.
Disequilibrium textures in minerals are often observed in igneous rocks. Their occurrence is commonly related to the variation of intensive variables (e.g. pressure, temperature, etc.) that perturbed ...a pre-existing state of equilibrium. However, if the variation of intensive variables provides a reliable explanation for the occurrence of disequilibrium textures in minerals, it does not explain why, over very short length scales (<1–2 cm), in the same rock, crystals of the same mineral phase often appear to have reacted very differently to the disequilibrium process. A good example of this puzzling phenomenon is given by clinopyroxene phenocrysts occurring in the Santa Venera alkali basalt (Mt. Etna, Italy), in which a great variety of disequilibrium textures, coexisting on very short length scales (<1–2 cm), are observed. Clinopyroxenes exhibit heterogeneously resorbed Cr–Al diopside cores around which a rim of Al–Fe3+ diopside, having a highly variable area, has grown. The area of the Al–Fe3+ diopside rim is used as a discriminant parameter for the studied pyroxenes as it displays a tri-modal statistical distribution. In addition, the chemical zoning from the core to the rim of pyroxenes exhibits both continuous and discontinuous patterns. These continuous and discontinuous patterns are associated with crystals having low and high values of the rim area, respectively. To explain these zoning patterns, a mixing process between magmas having different geochemical and thermodynamic properties, governed by chaotic dynamics, is proposed. In particular, the occurrence in the same system, and at short length scales, of regular and chaotic regions is suggested as the basic dynamic inducing a heterogeneous distribution of the magmas involved in the mixing process; this leads to a strong control on the propagation of the disequilibrium phenomena and on the crystallization of pyroxenes, even over short length scales. The occurrence of regular and chaotic regions within the same magmatic system can explain the entire spectrum of features observed in the studied pyroxenes, from the occurrence of the tri-modal distribution of rim areas to the presence of two distinct patterns of chemical zoning, continuous and discontinuous, from the core to the rim of pyroxenes.
This paper is the result of a joint work between geophysicists and archaeologists in which the authors have used geophysical techniques to investigate the Greek and Roman settlement of Paestum, ...southern Italy for preventive archaeological research (commonly termed 'rescue archaeology') on an area of the ancient settlement affected by new building work and infrastructure. Starting from a background analysis of the archaeological and geological features of the site, an integrated geophysical approach based on magnetic, GPR and geoelectrical surveys was carried out on the Santa Venera area, a site selected to build a car parking. High-density and high-resolution cross-correlated geophysical surveys were carried out in different parts of the area to better resolve the structures. Systematic excavations confirmed the clues suggested by geophysical prospecting about the presence of archaeological remains such as walls, canals and tombs. By the use of non-destructive geophysical techniques a two-fold aim was reached: to properly plan the building of the infrastructure and preserve the ancient artefacts according to the advanced European guidelines on the protection of archaeological heritage.
The article describes the life and creative activity of V.M. Kovtunenko, an outstanding creator of national rocket and space technology. Many research projects were implemented under his leadership ...in the Lavochkin Scientific and Production Association, such as the unmanned spacecraft to Venus, Mars, and small bodies in the solar system (Phobos and Halley’s comet), the first domestic extra-atmospheric astrophysical observatories
Astron
and
Granat
, interplanetary spacecraft of the new generation “Phobos”, the first optoelectronic remote sensing system, the spacecraft
Arkon-1
, and a versatile booster unit
Fregat
.
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