The tourism literature has increasingly recognized the significance of various stakeholders on how a region should attempt to apply the principles of sustainable development. Based on stakeholder ...theory, the article aims to investigate how the business model in tourism that is used in Italy’s Langhe region is aligned to the promotion of a “sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work,” in accordance to the United Nations General Assembly 2030 agenda for sustainable development. The research employed a single case study approach, drawing on 36 semistructured interviews with key stakeholders in the region, and the findings show that a variety of stakeholders play an important role toward the sustainable development of the region. The various stakeholders were categorized as either internal or external, followed by the identification of definitive stakeholders. The article concludes with the managerial and theoretical implications of the findings and reports several future research directions.
The analysis of the legal-international characterization of the multistakeholder partnerships encouraged by the 2030 Agenda requires a detailed understanding of the mechanisms currently allowing the ...participation of non-state actors in the international cooperation structures. Our object of study, the statute of Affiliate Member in the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), is a privileged instrument for this purpose: it is the only organization in the United Nations system that includes a membership status for non-state actors in its constitutive treaty; the tourism sector has a significant presence of private and sub-state actors and, additionally, the UNWTO has very recently adopted a reform of the Affiliate statute legal framework intended, it is said, to strengthen public-private cooperation in order to carry out the Organization mission. In this context, the analysis developed allows for the identification of the insufficiencies of the UNWTO Affiliate Member status as a model for the development of multistakeholder partnerships, but also the difficulties that underline these insufficiencies. On this basis, we formulate some proposals that can contribute to channeling the international cooperation model sponsored by the 2030 Agenda
El análisis de la caracterización jurídica-internacional de las ‘alianzas entre múltiples interesados’ (o alianzas multipartes) alentadas por la Agenda 2030 necesita contar con un conocimiento detallado de los mecanismos vigentes que permiten la participación de actores no estatales en las estructuras de cooperación internacional. Nuestro objeto de estudio, el estatuto de Miembro Afiliado en la Organización Mundial del Turismo (OMT), es un instrumento privilegiado a tal efecto: la OMT es la única organización del sistema de Naciones Unidas que incluye en su tratado constitutivo un estatuto de miembro para actores no estatales; el sector turismo cuenta con una significativa presencia de actores privados y subestatales y, además, la OMT ha culminado muy recientemente una reforma del marco jurídico de dicho estatuto de Afiliado que dice tener por finalidad reforzar la cooperación público-privada para la realización de la misión asignada a la Organización. En este contexto, el análisis desarrollado permite identificar las insuficiencias del estatuto de Miembro Afiliado a la OMT como modelo para el desarrollo de alianzas multipartes pero, también, las dificultades que subyacen a estas insuficiencias, bases sobre las cuales se formulan algunas propuestas que pueden contribuir a encauzar el modelo de cooperación internacional auspiciado por la Agenda 2030.
The purpose of the article is to explore and describe the resources made available by the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) during the COVID-19 pandemic and discuss their role in ...fostering knowledge and promoting awareness in society. The resources are examined using a conceptual model of website evaluation proposed by Li and Wang (2010), which has been adapted to be applicable to the organizational context of UNWTO. The findings show that the UNWTO website resources can be divided into two categories: resources related to the COVID-19 pandemic, e.g. information about existing special groups, and resources connected with the core mission of the UNWTO, e.g. important events from before the pandemic or the organization’s main goals. There are new interactive tools, developed specifically in relation to the pandemic, with relevant data for those involved or interested in the tourism sector. The resources are freely available, easily accessible, abundant, varied and highly informative. The UNWTO website is a gateway to knowledge, providing information about, reasons for and effects of relevant actions of the organization, e.g. raising awareness of the importance of both the pandemic problem but also tourism itself, securing considerable funding for the tourism sector by making world leaders aware of the facts and the importance of tourism, or promoting safe travel measures and encouraging actions aimed at accelerating the recovery of the tourism sector.
El turismo es un patrimonio internacional que genera ingresos que lo sitúan entre las principales actividades económicas de muchos países. Cada vez hay mayor preocupación por la sostenibilidad del ...turismo. La Organización Mundial del Turismo (OMT) es el organismo internacional de referencia encargado de la alineación de este sector económico con la Agenda 2030 de Desarrollo Sostenible. Esta investigación se ha centrado en evidenciar cómo la OMT sigue la Agenda 2030 en el diseño de sus campañas. Mediante la revisión de fuentes académicas, campañas de la OMT y la entrevista semiestructurada realizada a su director de comunicación, se ha identificado el tipo de comunicación para el cambio social que realiza la institución para promover el turismo sostenible. La OMT ha hecho un gran esfuerzo para comunicar la Agenda 2030 como su hoja de ruta efectiva, pese a no dar la tarea por concluida. La comunicación diseñada e implementada supone una herramienta de desarrollo sostenible.
Since the Canada – Renewable Energy/FIT Program (2013) dispute at the World Trade Organization (WTO), it has become almost conventional wisdom in the scholarship that a clash exists between ...international climate change mitigation goals and WTO law, with a growing consensus (if not anxiety) that WTO subsidy rules ought to be reformed in order to safeguard ‘policy space’ for government support to renewable energy. It is contended here that, in several ways, such a call for reform has been misconceived and needs to be recalibrated. This is mainly because the case for reform has been seldom evaluated in light of State practice beyond that particular WTO dispute, nor informed by an in-depth assessment of how different clean energy subsidies will fare under existing WTO subsidy disciplines. Our aim here is to fill this gap in the existing literature. In particular, our analysis shows that the main problem is neither feed-in tariffs per se, nor the multilateral disputes that have been brought before the WTO dispute settlement bodies. For this reason, we argue that the applicability of Article XX GATT to the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM Agreement), which has been often suggested in academic writings, is not the solution towards ensuring greater supportiveness between international trade and climate change regimes. In fact, such an avenue will provide no legal shelter for those climate friendly energy subsidies that have actually been at a higher risk under current WTO rules (i.e. through unilateral remedial action). Conversely, the other common proposal of introducing a specific exemption into the SCM Agreement for certain ‘good’ renewable energy subsidies appears most effective from a mutual supportiveness perspective, but faces considerable political and practical hurdles at the present junction., Since the Canada - Renewable Energy/FIT Program (2013) dispute at the World Trade Organization (WTO), it has become almost conventional wisdom in the scholarship that a clash exists between international climate change mitigation goals and WTO law, with a growing consensus (if not anxiety) that WTO subsidy rules ought to be reformed in order to safeguard 'policy space' for government support to renewable energy. It is contended here that, in several ways, such a call for reform has been misconceived and needs to be recalibrated. This is mainly because the case for reform has been seldom evaluated in light of State practice beyond that particular WTO dispute, nor informed by an in-depth assessment of how different clean energy subsidies will fare under existing WTO subsidy disciplines. Our aim here is to fill this gap in the existing literature. In particular, our analysis shows that the main problem is neither feed-in tariffs per se, nor the multilateral disputes that have been brought before the WTO dispute settlement bodies. For this reason, we argue that the applicability of Article XX GATT to the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM Agreement), which has been often suggested in academic writings, is not the solution towards ensuring greater supportiveness between international trade and climate change regimes. In fact, such an avenue will provide no legal shelter for those climate friendly energy subsidies that have actually been at a higher risk under current WTO rules (i.e. through unilateral remedial action). Conversely, the other common proposal of introducing a specific exemption into the SCM Agreement for certain 'good' renewable energy subsidies appears most effective from a mutual supportiveness perspective, but faces considerable political and practical hurdles at the present junction.
Global travelling increases every year and according to a report released during the COVID- 19 pandemic by the UN World Tourism Organization, international travel doubled in 2022, compared to levels ...in 2021. his fact led also to travel-imported cases of arboviral infections and physicians are often confronted with tropical diseases, such as dengue or chikungunya. Since there is are no pathognomonic cues for these tropical illnesses, early diagnosis is still a big challenge and it depends on many factors, such as exposure risk factors, the epidemiological context, the inCubation period, and the wide spectrum of differential diagnoses, including cosmopolitan or exotic infections. Since the clinical presentation of dengue is not typical and there are other febrile illnesses similar to arboviral diseases, misdiagnosis is common even among experienced doctors. Differential diagnosis needs up to date knowledge considering the short viraemic period, the antibody cross-reactivity, and the traps in recognising the nonspecific symptom picture. We present two cases of Dengue diagnosed in Romania which were initially clinically misconstrued, despite the characteristic symptom picture. The main purpose is to increase the level of awareness and to underline the difficulties that clinicians face in recognizing travel-related imported dengue virus disease.
Analogous to national economic statistics, national tourism statistics communicate the sizes of various tourism activities for individual countries. The World Tourism Organization annually compiles ...the national tourism statistics for most countries of the world. An analysis of the completeness of country reports discloses how extensive the Systems of Tourism Statistics (STS) are for 209 countries. Reporting countries are grouped into five tiers according to the extent of their STS. The study finds only 11% of countries fall in the most comprehensive STS tier, while 57% fall in the least extensive STS tiers. Logistic regression is employed to identify factors predicting tier membership and 2 among 12 are found to be significant predictor variables: Global Competitiveness and Political Freedom–Civil Liberties. This suggests which countries in higher tiers might assist tiers 4–5 countries in extending their STS. Additional recommendations for improving the extent of the world’s tourism statistics are presented.
This paper aims to critically review the existing procedure of measuring tourism at the Icelandic border. The major benchmark in this endeavour is the new international standards on tourism ...statistics (named International Recommendations on Tourism Statistics 2008 - IRTS 2008) endorsed by the World Tourism Organization in 2008. The results indicate that in terms of tourism statistics produced at its border, Iceland is only partly complying with international standards. Therefore, several recommendations are proposed in order to improve the existing way of measuring tourism at the border in Iceland. Although at first sight measuring tourism at the Icelandic border seems easy since there is only one major entry/exit point to/from the country at the Keflavík airport, it is necessary to have an approach fully in line with international recommendations to produce reliable and internationally comparable statistics for the tourism sector in Iceland. In addition, the model of UK's border survey can be illustrative for Iceland considering the same insular geography and particularly the UK experience in some areas where the Icelandic expertise in border surveying is poor or is lacking (i.e. sampling procedures, data weighting).
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