Les modèles du contrat FIDIC sont parmi les conditions de référence les plus couramment utilisées dans les projets internationaux. Le contrat FIDIC est calqué sur des conceptions juridiques ...enracinées dans le système de Common Law. Cependant, il y a une augmentation dans l’utilisation des modèles FIDIC dans les systèmes du code civil. Ainsi, les employeurs, les entrepreneurs, les organismes de financement internationaux, les ingénieurs, les avocats et les parties prenantes des projets, utilisant les modèles FIDIC dans les systèmes du code civil, doivent comprendre l'interprétation des dispositions FIDIC dans le contexte du droit civil. Dans cette recherche, l’application des provisions concernant le temps et le paiement supplémentaires sous l’auspice d’un contrat FIDIC (CONS) sera étudiée dans le contexte du droit civil, avec une attention particulière pour l’application spéciale de telles provisions sur le droit civil Egyptien. Les ressemblances et différences entre les provisions concernant le temps et le paiement supplémentaire sous l’auspice d’un contrat FIDIC (CONS) et le droit civil Egyptien seront identifiées. Des recommandations concernant les provisions concernées seront faites quant aux modifications à apporter soit au Code civil Egyptien soit au modèle FIDIC (CONS), selon le cas. Cette recherche vise à illuminer les employeurs, les ingénieurs et les entrepreneurs concluant des projets fondés sur le modèle FIDIC (CONS) et ayant élu le droit Egyptien en tant que loi applicable; gérer correctement les délais, retards et risques entraînant des paiements supplémentaires dans les contrats de construction. Cela devrait permettre de minimiser, autant que possible, les litiges associés aux retards et aux demandes de prorogation de délai et/ou du paiement supplémentaire. Étant donné que la plupart des systèmes juridiques du Moyen-Orient sont fondés sur les principes du droit civil et sont fortement influencés par le droit civil Egyptien, il est envisagé que cette recherche soutienne l'administration effective et efficace des contrats de construction dans la région.
The FIDIC forms of contract are one of the most commonly used standard conditions of contract in international projects. The FIDIC is based on legal concepts rooted in the Common Law system. However, there is an increase use of the FIDIC in Civil Law jurisdictions. Thus, employers, contractors, international financing organizations, engineers, lawyers and stakeholders of projects, using FIDIC in Civil Law jurisdictions, need to understand the interpretation of the FIDIC provisions against a Civil Law background. In this research, the application of time and additional payment provisions of the FIDIC (CONS) will be studied in the context of the Civil Law, with special application on the Egyptian Civil Law. Similarities and differences between the relevant provisions of time and additional payment under the FIDIC (CONS) and the Egyptian Civil Law will be recognised. Recommendations will be yielded as to amendments to be made either to the Egyptian Civil Code or to the FIDIC (CONS), as the case may be, in relation to the provisions at issue. It is envisaged that this research would help employers, engineers and contractors, entering into projects based on the FIDIC (CONS) and with the Egyptian Civil Law as the applicable law, properly manage time provisions, delays and risks leading to additional payment in the construction contracts. This should help minimize, as much as possible, disputes associated with and/or resulting from the delays and claims for extension of time and/or additional payment. Since most of the legal systems of the Middle East are founded upon Civil Law principles, and are most heavily influenced by the Egyptian Civil Law, it is envisaged that this research would support effective and efficient contract administration of construction projects among the region.
This article looks at whether the provisions which obligate a party to issue a notice upon certain delaying events occurring under FIDIC 1st edn., 1999 Conditions of Contract, Construction for ...Building and Engineering Works Designed by the Employer (FIDIC99), and FIDIC 4th edn., 1987 for Works of Civil Engineering Construction, reprinted in 1992 with further amendments (FIDIC4), are compliant with the relevant articles of the Civil Transaction Code, Law #5 of 1985 as amended by Law #1 of 1987. This is done by reviewing the applicable laws that apply and then the relevant provisions of the above FIDIC forms of conditions of contract.
The ‘era of 5 diseases and 5 projects’ began in 2012 April, and it became obvious that the collaboration between general medicine and psychiatric medicine is important. Under this situation, ...additional payment to the psychiatric liaison team was introduced and was attractive to most of those engaged in the psychiatric medicine. At first, however, the increase of the number of facilities where it was applied was rather slow, due to its smallness of the actual payment amount and the strict standard which was required for its application.In 2016 April, in the revision of the medical fee system, it was decided that the involvement of the psychiatric liaison team should be a significant requirement for the additional payment to the distribution of the psychiatric acute stage doctors. In addition, the team became one of the requirements for the additional payment to the general hospitalization system 2 & 3 and they caused the number of the facilities where the additional payment to the liaison team was applied to grow rapidly and succeeded in showing its importance.When the psychiatric liaison team is regarded as a functional unit, which accelerates the collaboration between general medicine and psychiatric medicine, it can be seen that this additional payment to the liaison team contributes to the appraisal of General hospital Psychiatry both directly and indirectly. This implies new position and the possibility of the general hospital psychiatry, from the view point of the medical fee system.
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Unter der zunehmenden Kostenbelastung im Gesundheitssystem erscheint es fragwürdig, ob zukünftig Versicherungsleistungen – wie bisher – nahezu uneingeschränkt erbracht ...werden können. Wir sind daher der Frage nachgegangen, ob von Seiten der Patienten die Bereitschaft besteht, eine Zuzahlungspauschale zu entrichten, insbesondere in Hinblick auf die minimal-invasive Chirurgie.
Methode
Zwischen 01.07.2007 und 01.07.2008 wurden 750 (m:w=279:471) Patienten mit elektiven minimal-invasiven Operationen im Rahmen einer prospektiven Studie prä- und postoperativ mittels standardisierter Fragebögen befragt, inwieweit eine virtuelle Bereitschaft zur Leistung einer Zuzahlungspauschale von 200 EUR zur Durchführung einer minimal-invasiven Operation besteht. Die Patienten wurden ausdrücklich darauf hingewiesen, dass es sich um eine klinische Datenerhebung handelt und aktuell keine Zuzahlung durch Patienten zu erfolgen hat. Als Einflussfaktoren wurden Geschlecht, Familienstand, Schul- und Berufsausbildung, berufliche Stellung, Nettoeinkommen, Krankenversicherungsstatus, Operationsverfahren und Modus der Zuweisung zum Zentrum für Minimal-invasive Chirurgie (MIC-Zentrum) erhoben.
Ergebnisse
Präoperativ stimmten 84,4% und postoperativ 84,1% einer Entrichtung einer Zuzahlungspauschale (p=0,79) zu. Während 80,4% (411/511) der gesetzlich Versicherten mit einer Zuzahlungspauschale einverstanden waren, war der Anteil der Zustimmung bei den privat Versicherten mit 92,9% (222/239) signifikant erhöht (p<0,001). Die Zustimmung zur Zahlung einer Zuzahlungspauschale stieg mit steigendem Schulabschluss (p=0,017), steigender Ausbildung, steigender beruflicher Position und steigendem Nettoeinkommen (p<0,001) signifikant an. Zudem war sie bei Verheirateten gegenüber Ledigen erhöht (86,5% vs. 78,4%; p=0,038). Für die Mehrheit der Patienten (95%) war es sehr wichtig, in einem MIC-Zentrum operiert zu werden.
Schlussfolgerung
84,4% der Patienten waren vor dem Eingriff bereit, eine eigenständige Zuzahlungspauschale für die Durchführung einer minimal-invasiven Operation zu entrichten, die Zustimmung war jedoch abhängig vom sozioökonomischen Status.
Summary
Background
Isavuconazole (ISA) is a frequently used antifungal agent for the treatment of invasive fungal diseases (IFDs). However, hospital reimbursement data for ISA is limited.
Objectives
...The primary objective of this study was to analyse the different perspectives of relevant stakeholders and the (dis)incentives for the administration of ISA in Germany. To that aim, the health economic effects of using ISA from a hospital management perspective were analysed.
Patients/Methods
Based on principal‐agent theory (PAT), the perspectives of (a) the patient (principal) as well as (b) physicians, (c) pharmacists and iv. hospital managers (all agents) were analysed. For the evaluation of the cost‐containment and reimbursement strategies of ISA, the German diagnosis‐related group (G‐DRG) system was used.
Results
Hospitals individually negotiating additional payments for innovative treatment procedures (zusatzentgelte ZE) within the G‐DRG system is a key element of hospital management for the reduction of total healthcare expenditure. Our analysis demonstrated the beneficial role of ISA in healthcare resource utilisation, primarily due to a shortened overall length of hospital stay. Depending on underlying disease, coded G‐DRG and ISA formulation, large differences in total reimbursement and the amount of ZE was shown. The PAT demonstrated disincentives for hospital managers to use innovative drugs.
Conclusions
Based on the PAT, beneficial, detrimental and indifferent perspectives of different stakeholders regarding the usage of ISA were shown. A reduction of bureaucratic hurdles is needed in Germany for the extension of effective and innovative antifungal treatment strategies with ISA.
Subject matter of analyze in this article are legal assumptions which must be met in order to enable private company to call for additional payment. After introductory remarks discussion is focused ...on existence of provisions regarding additional payment in formation contract, or in shareholders meeting general resolution, as starting point for company's claim. Second assumption is concrete resolution of shareholders meeting which creates individual obligations for additional payments. Third assumption is defined as distinctness regarding sum of payment and due date. Sending of claim by relevant company body is set as fourth legal assumption for realization of company's right to claim additional payments from member of private company.
In the article the authors discuss the salary system in the private sector in the Republic of Slovenia. They present relevant legislation dealing with remuneration, in particular the Employment ...Relations Act, which regulates individual employment relations and in a separate chapter regulates remuneration. Remuneration includes a salary and other additional payments. The authors treat all the components of a salary, i.e. the basic salary, extra payments, the part of the salary based on job performance, and the payment for positive business performance. Other additional payments are payments in kind or in money, in securities, or profit-related pay, i.e. the participation of employees in profit sharing. The authors also treat other income of employees laid down in the Employment Relations Act and collective agreements as well as the reimbursement of expenses related to work. The authors also focus on the obligatory content of an employment contract with reference to remuneration. Finally, they address open issues regarding types of other additional payments and possible solutions for determining individual remuneration instruments in collective agreements and in employment contracts.
Krankenhausfinanzierung 2014 Fiori, W.; Lakomek, H.-J.; Buscham, K. ...
Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie,
2014/3, Volume:
73, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Zusammenfassung
Auch rheumatologische Krankenhäuser und Fachabteilungen werden sich im Jahr 2014 weiter auf wirtschaftlich schwere Zeiten einrichten müssen. Um sich den Herausforderungen stellen zu ...können, sind auch die Kenntnisse des neuen German-diagnosis-related-groups(G-DRG)-Systems, der ordnungspolitischen Rahmenbedingungen sowie der aktuellen Rechtsprechung hilfreich. Der Artikel stellt die wesentlichen Änderungen vor und diskutiert die sich daraus ergebenden Konsequenzen für Rheumakliniken.
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