Objective
The most commonly used instrument for measuring anger is the State‐Trait Anger Expression Inventory‐2 (STAXI‐2; Spielberger, 1999). This study further examines the validity of the STAXI‐2 ...and compares anger scores between several clinical and nonclinical samples.
Method
Reliability, concurrent, and construct validity were investigated in Dutch undergraduate students (N = 764), a general population sample (N = 1211), and psychiatric outpatients (N = 226).
Results
The results support the reliability and validity of the STAXI‐2. Concurrent validity was strong, with meaningful correlations between the STAXI‐2 scales and anger‐related constructs in both clinical and nonclinical samples. Importantly, patients showed higher experience and expression of anger than the general population sample. Additionally, forensic outpatients with addiction problems reported higher Anger Expression‐Out than general psychiatric outpatients.
Conclusion
Our conclusion is that the STAXI‐2 is a suitable instrument to measure both the experience and the expression of anger in both general and clinical populations.
The aim of this article is to conceptually delineate moral anger from other related constructs. Drawing upon social functional accounts of anger, we contend that distilling the finer nuances of ...morally motivated anger and its expression can increase the precision with which we examine prosocial forms of anger (e.g., redressing injustice), in general, and moral anger, in particular. Without this differentiation, we assert that (i) moral anger remains theoretically elusive, (ii) that this thwarts our ability to methodologically capture the unique variance moral anger can explain in important work outcomes, and that (iii) this can promote ill-informed organizational policies and practice. We offer a four-factor definition of moral anger and demonstrate the utility of this characterization as a distinct construct with application for workplace phenomena such as, but not limited to, whistle-blowing. Next, we outline a future research agenda, including how to operationalize the construct and address issues of construct, discriminant, and convergent validity. Finally, we argue for greater appreciation of anger’s prosocial functions and concomitant understanding that many anger displays can be justified and lack harmful intent. If allowed and addressed with interest and concern, these emotional displays can lead to improved organizational practice.
This thesis argues that it is primarily through the revenge of female characters, and that of Medea in particular, that Seneca interrogates the boundary between proportionate and excessive revenge, ...and explores the problems inherent in like-for-like violence. It further argues that analysing Seneca's tragedies from the angle of women's revenge, and then examining some of the reverberations of this theme across the extraordinarily rich reception of Seneca in European drama, and particularly in France, can shed important light on a question that has long proved problematic for students of the tragedies, that is the nature of the relationship between Seneca's plays and his philosophica. The work contains fourteen chapters structured in three parts. Part I is an analytical survey of all the instances of female revenge across the corpus of eight genuine plays. Part II looks to Seneca's treatise On Anger (De Ira) for insight into the parameters of revenge in the dramas. The Stoics considered anger, and passion in general, as a product of reason that is not functioning properly. As such, a revenge tragedy depicting an avenger applying rational principles in order to prepare, and then to enact, his or her revenge plan can be analysed in light of the Stoic belief that anger stems from reason. This part of the thesis focuses mainly on Medea and on the Furies, who occupied a prominent role in Stoic philosophical debates relating to the passions. Part III looks to the reception of Seneca in order to illuminate our understanding of the 'Senecan question'. After giving an account of the reception of Seneca's tragedies in European drama, I narrow my focus to two French tragedies in particular, the Médée of Jean de La Péruse (1553) and the Médée of Pierre Corneille (1634-5). By citing Médée's revenge as an illustration of his own controversial stance on the end of tragedy, Corneille gives us an idea of what a Senecan statement in defence of his tragic poetics might have resembled.
•Higher childhood trauma exposure frequency predicted elevated adulthood major depressive (MDD), panic (PD), and alcohol use disorders (AUD).•Longitudinal structural equation modeling mediation ...analyses were conducted.•Trait anger expression mediated the relation between childhood trauma and adulthood MDD.•Greater retrospective childhood trauma was associated with higher trait anger expression.•Higher trait anger expression predicted future MDD, PD, and AUD, but not GAD.
General aggression and evolutionary models posit that more severe early exposure experiences to trauma (physical, emotional, sexual abuse and/or neglect) place one at risk for adulthood psychopathology through heightened trait anger expression–internal (Anger-In) and external (Anger-Out). However, there are a dearth of empirical studies explaining the longitudinal childhood maltreatment–adulthood psychopathology relation.
Therefore, this study investigated if childhood maltreatment exposure severity predicted elevated adulthood major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder (PD), and alcohol use disorder (AUD). Moreover, we tested if trait anger expression – internal and external – mediated the childhood maltreatment–adulthood MDD, GAD, PD, and AUD symptom associations.
Participants took part in two waves of measurement spaced approximately 9 years apart. Time 1 childhood trauma severity (retrospectively-reported Childhood Trauma Questionnaire), Time 2 Anger-In and Anger-Out (State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory), and Time 3 adulthood MDD, GAD, PD (Composite International Diagnostic Interview–Short Form), and AUD (Alcohol Screening Test) diagnoses were measured.
Anger-Out and Anger-In partially mediated the relations between childhood trauma severity and adulthood psychopathology diagnoses after adjusting for Time 2 symptoms. Higher Time 1 childhood trauma severity was related to greater Time 2 Anger-Out and Anger-In, and increased Time 2 Anger-Out and Anger-In were thereby related to elevated Time 3 adulthood MDD, PD and AUD, but not GAD severity. Trait anger accounted for 14 to 50% of the variance of childhood trauma–adulthood MDD, PD and AUD relations.
Theoretical and clinical implications, such as the need for trauma-informed care, are discussed.
Anger can be broken down into different elements: a transitory state (state anger), a stable personality feature (trait anger), a tendency to express it (anger-out), or to suppress it (anger-in), and ...the ability to regulate it (anger control). These elements are characterized by individual differences that vary across a continuum. Among them, the abilities to express and suppress anger are of particular relevance as they determine outcomes and enable successful anger management in daily situations. The aim of this study was to demonstrate that anger suppression and expression can be decoded by patterns of grey matter of specific well-known brain networks. To this aim, a supervised machine learning technique, known as Kernel Ridge Regression, was used to predict anger expression and suppression scores of 212 healthy subjects from the grey matter concentration. Results show that individual differences in anger suppression were predicted by two grey matter patterns associated with the Default-Mode Network and the Salience Network. Additionally, individual differences in anger expression were predicted by a circuit mainly involving subcortical and fronto-temporal regions when considering whole brain grey matter features. These results expand previous findings regarding the neural bases of anger by showing that individual differences in specific anger-related components can be predicted by the grey matter features of specific networks.
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Both anger and anxiety are common in older adulthood, with aversive consequences for individuals' physical and mental health. Theory suggests that anger can be an emotional response to the experience ...of anxiety. Similarly, anger can induce anxiety symptoms. Despite studies documenting the co-occurrence of anger and anxiety and their strong theoretical links, little is known about their temporal relationship. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the longitudinal cross-lagged relationship between anger expression, anger suppression, and anxiety.
A large and representative sample of older adults (N=6,852) was utilized, with data collected in two waves at an interval of four years. All variables were measured using validated self-report scales.Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling.
Results indicate that both anger suppression and anger expression are significant predictors of anxiety symptoms. Similarly, anxiety is a significant predictor of both anger suppression and anger expression.
The effects did not differ in magnitude, suggesting a balanced reciprocity between anger and anxiety. An understanding of this reciprocal association can inform interventions and strategies aimed at promoting emotional well-being in older individuals. By addressing both anger and anxiety concurrently, interventions may have a more comprehensive impact on improving mental health outcomes in this population.
Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the degree to which patient anger arousal and behavioral anger regulation (expression, inhibition) occurring in the course of daily life was ...related to patient pain and function as rated by patients and their spouses. Method: Married couples (N = 105) (one spouse with chronic low back pain) completed electronic daily diaries, with assessments 5 times/day for 14 days. Patients completed items on their own state anger, behavioral anger expression and inhibition, and pain-related factors. Spouses completed items on their observations of patient pain-related factors. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to test concurrent and lagged relationships. Results: Patient-reported increases in state anger were related to their reports of concurrent increases in pain and pain interference and to spouse reports of patient pain and pain behavior. Patient-reported increases in behavioral anger expression were related to lagged increases in pain intensity and interference and decreases in function. Most of these relationships remained significant with state anger controlled. Patient-reported increases in behavioral anger inhibition were related to concurrent increases in pain interference and decreases in function, which also remained significant with state anger controlled. Patient-reported increases in state anger were related to lagged increases in spouse reports of patient pain intensity and pain behaviors. Conclusions: Results indicate that in patients with chronic pain, anger arousal and behavioral anger expression and inhibition in everyday life are related to elevated pain intensity and decreased function as reported by patients. Spouse ratings show some degree of concordance with patient reports.
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