Abstract
Background
Lymphedema is a common complication of cancer treatment, resulting in swelling and subjective symptoms. Reliable and valid measurement of this side effect of medical treatment is ...important.
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to provide best evidence regarding which measurement instruments are most appropriate in measuring lymphedema in its different stages.
Data Sources
The PubMed and Web of Science databases were used, and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed.
Study Selection
Clinical studies on measurement instruments assessing lymphedema were reviewed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 (QUADAS-2) scoring instrument for quality assessment.
Data Extraction
Data on reliability, concurrent validity, convergent validity, sensitivity, specificity, applicability, and costs were extracted.
Data Synthesis
Pooled data showed good intrarater intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) (.89) for bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) in the lower extremities and high intrarater and interrater ICCs for water volumetry, tape measurement, and perometry (.98–.99) in the upper extremities. In the upper extremities, the standard error of measurement was 3.6% (σ=0.7%) for water volumetry, 5.6% (σ=2.1%) for perometry, and 6.6% (σ=2.6%) for tape measurement. Sensitivity of tape measurement in the upper extremities, using different cutoff points, varied from 0.73 to 0.90, and specificity values varied from 0.72 to 0.78.
Limitations
No uniform definition of lymphedema was available, and a gold standard as a reference test was lacking. Items concerning risk of bias were study design, patient selection, description of lymphedema, blinding of test outcomes, and number of included participants.
Conclusions
Measurement instruments with evidence for good reliability and validity were BIS, water volumetry, tape measurement, and perometry, where BIS can detect alterations in extracellular fluid in stage 1 lymphedema and the other measurement instruments can detect alterations in volume starting from stage 2. In research, water volumetry is indicated as a reference test for measuring lymphedema in the upper extremities.
Background: Obesity is defined as excessive fat accumulation in the adipose tissue and peripheral organs. The Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) is involved in cellular protection in ...obesity. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to detect the association of Keap1 rs11085735 variants with the risk of obesity in relation to anthropometric parameters and lipid profile in a population from the Kurdistan of Iraq. Methods: A total of 265 volunteers (134 females and 131 males) were randomly selected. According to the body mass index (BMI), individuals were divided into subjects with normal BMI (131 healthy individuals) and obese subjects (134 obese volunteers). Anthropometry and lipid profile parameters were measured in these volunteers and Keap1 rs11085735 variants were identified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by digestion with HinfI restriction enzyme. Results: Triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) serum levels were significantly higher (P<0.001) in the obese group compared to the control group. The serum level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was significantly lower (P=0.02) in the obese individuals than in the controls. Moreover, the waist, hip, and wrist circumferences and the waist to hip ratio in obese individuals were significantly higher than in controls (P<0.001). The frequency of Keap1 AA genotype was 1.5% in the obese group and 0% in the controls (P=0.36). The frequency of A allele was 4.9% and 3.1% in obese subjects and controls, respectively (P=0.28). Considering all individuals, carriers of AA genotype of Keap1 had significantly higher BMI and waist and hip circumferences compared to the carriers of AC and CC genotypes. Conclusion: The present study found abnormal lipid profile among obese individuals compared to individuals with normal BMI. Our findings indicated that the presence of Keap1 polymorphism influenced the anthropometric parameters, and the carriers of AA genotype of Keap1 had significantly higher BMI and waist and hip circumferences compared to the carriers of AC and CC genotypes.
One of the strategic steps in the effort to deal with stunting nutrition is the use of Integrated Healthcare Center (Posyandu). Posyandu as the front line that can provide information to parents ...about the nutritional status of children, and Posyandu components that are no less important are cadres. The skills of cadres in determining nutritional status through anthropometric measurements are needed so that they can provide appropriate information for the community, but cadre education activities related to children under five nutrition have not been carried out for a long time. This service is carried out with the aim of providing re-education to cadres on monitoring the nutritional status of children under five through anthropometric measurement methods. The target of this activity is the cadres of the Posyandu in Tegallinggah Village, totaling 15 people. Through counseling and practicing anthropometric measurements, it is hoped that the knowledge and skills of cadres in determining the nutritional status of toddlers will increase. Evaluation of this activity was carried out through pre-test and post-test methods on cadres and the results were obtained after being given refresher on monitoring children under five nutrition, 80% of cadres had knowledge in the good category and 100% of cadres were able to measure Height (TB) and Weight (BB) correctly.
Hand-grip strength (HGS) serves as a proxy measure for muscle function and physical health. Studies have shown that low HGS is associated with common age-related disorders including frailty and ...sarcopenia. The aim of the present study was to establish the normative values of HGS among older adults in Singapore and to compare it with data from Western and other Asian countries. The study also aimed to explore the sociodemographic and anthropometric correlates of HGS.
Data were collected from 2043 men and women aged 60 years and above who took part in the Well-being of the Singapore Elderly study in 2013. HGS was obtained using a Jamar Plus + digital hand dynamometer. Normative data were stratified by; 5-year age groups, sex and ethnicity. Relationships between the HGS with various sociodemographic and anthropometric correlates were examined using multiple linear regression analysis.
The mean HGS demonstrate a decreasing trend with increased age across all ethnic groups and sexes. HGS among Singapore older adults were relatively low compared to Western and other Asian countries. Males in the youngest age group (60-64) and of Chinese ethnicity attained greater HGS values than their counterparts. When the regression analysis was stratified for sex, significant associations were found between height, upper arm circumference with HGS in the males sample, and between height, weight, waist circumference and HGS in the females sample.
Older adults in Singapore have a relatively weak HGS compared to other countries. Greater height and weight, and smaller waist circumference are independently associated with greater HGS in females but not males. These results facilitate the interpretation of HGS conducting using Jamar digital-type dynamometers among the older adults in Singapore.
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