Attachment‐based family therapy (ABFT) is an empirically supported treatment designed to capitalize on the innate, biological desire for meaningful and secure relationships. The therapy is grounded ...in attachment theory and provides an interpersonal, process‐oriented, trauma‐focused approach to treating adolescent depression, suicidality, and trauma. Although a process‐oriented therapy, ABFT offers a clear structure and road map to help therapists quickly address attachment ruptures that lie at the core of family conflict. Several clinical trials and process studies have demonstrated empirical support for the model and its proposed mechanism of change. This article provides an overview of the clinical model and the existing empirical support for ABFT.
La terapia familiar basada en el apego (Diamond, Diamond & Levy, Attachment‐based family therapy for depressed adolescents, 2014) es un tratamiento basado en la experiencia y en la observación que fue diseñado para sacar provecho del deseo innato y biológico de tener relaciones significativas y seguras. La terapia está fundada en la teoría del apego y ofrece un enfoque interpersonal, orientado al proceso y centrado en el trauma para tratar la depresión, las tendencias suicidas y el trauma en los adolescentes. Aunque es una terapia orientada al proceso, la terapia familiar basada en el apego ofrece una estructura y un mapa de ruta claros para ayudar al terapeuta a abordar rápidamente las rupturas del apego en las que radica el conflicto familiar. Varios ensayos clínicos y estudios de procesos han demostrado una base empírica para el modelo y su mecanismo de cambio propuesto. Este artículo ofrece un resumen del modelo clínico y la base empírica actual de la terapia familiar basada en el apego.
基于依赖的家庭心理治疗(ABFT; Diamond, Diamond & Levy, Attachment‐based family therapy for depressed adolescents, 2014) 是一个为利用对于有意义牢固关系与生俱来的生物性欲求而设计的有实证支持的治疗方法。该治疗基于依赖理论,提供了一个人际间的,过程为导向并专注于创伤的方法来治疗青少年抑郁症,自杀倾向,以及创伤。虽然这是一个以过程为导向的心理治疗,ABFT提供了一个清晰的结构和路线图来帮助治疗师迅速应对家庭冲突的核心问题,即依赖感断裂。几项临床试验和过程研究都提供了对于该模型以及其提出的改变机制的实证支持。本文提供了对ABFT临床模型和现有实证支持的概述。
This study contributes to the growing body of literature investigating how and why consumers form connections to brands by applying an attachment theoretical framework. According to the attachment ...theory, children develop internal working models of the reliability of others in the interaction with the primary caregiver(s). It can be assumed that this attachment style, which is conceptualized along two dimensions (secure-anxious and dependent-independent), not only influences intimate relationships in the long run, but may also play an important role in customer relationships. The author investigates the influence of attachment style along the brand attachment - brand trust and brand loyalty chain. The sample consists of 216 adolescents. The results derived from structural equation modeling (SEM) by proposing a non-recursive model show that the dependent-independent dimension of parental attachment style positively influences the corresponding dimension of brand attachment predisposition and is important for all of the constructs along the brand attachment - brand trust and brand loyalty chain. However, this is not the case with the secure-anxious dimension of parental attachment style. The secure-anxious dimension of brand attachment predisposition does, on the other hand, have a significant impact at least on brand trust. The results are discussed from an attachment theoretical point of view and corroborate the suppositions of Rindfleisch, Burroughs, and Wong (
2009
), who grounded their findings on terror management theory. Several possible implications of these results for the theory and practice of brand management and advertising, especially in the light of the gamification of advertising, are discussed.
Five studies examined whether receiving gratitude expressions from a romantic partner can buffer insecurely attached individuals from experiencing low relationship satisfaction and commitment. In ...Study 1, the negative associations between attachment avoidance and both satisfaction and commitment were weaker among individuals who perceived that their partner expressed gratitude more frequently. The same pattern was found with attachment anxiety and satisfaction. Study 2 showed that among individuals who perceived high (vs. low) levels of gratitude expressions from the partner, both attachment dimensions were less strongly related to the belief that the partner is low in communal strength, which, in turn, was associated with greater satisfaction and commitment. In Studies 3-5, we examined whether perceptions or a partner's actual gratitude expression can have benefits on insecurely attached individuals' daily satisfaction. Our results indicated that perceived, rather than a partner's self-reported, gratitude expressions were critical to buffering insecurely attached individuals' daily dissatisfaction. Study 5 also provided evidence for long-term benefits of perceiving a partner's gratitude expressions on avoidantly attached individuals' relationship. Perceiving high levels of a partner's gratitude expressions on average enhanced avoidantly attached individuals' feelings of being cared for by the partner 3 months later, which were associated with greater satisfaction and commitment. Results from our meta-analysis indicated that benefits of perceiving a partner's gratitude expressions may be specific to buffering the negative effects of attachment avoidance on satisfaction. Overall, our findings highlight the powerful function of gratitude in insecurely attached individuals' romantic relationships.
One of the core assumptions of attachment theory is that attachment representations are stable over time. Unfortunately, the data on attachment stability have been ambiguous, and as a result, ...alternative theoretical perspectives have evolved to explain them. The objective of the present research was to evaluate alternative models of stability by studying adults in 2 intensive longitudinal investigations. Specifically, we assessed attachment representations in 1 sample (N = 203) daily over a 30-day period and in the other sample (N = 388) weekly over a year. Analyses show that the patterns of stability that exist in adult attachment are most consistent with a prototype model--a model assuming that there is a stable factor underlying temporary variations in attachment. Moreover, although the Big Five personality traits exhibited a pattern of stability that was similar to that of attachment, they did not account for the stability observed in attachment.
Close Relationship Processes and Health Pietromonaco, Paula R; Uchino, Bert; Dunkel Schetter, Christine
Health psychology,
05/2013, Volume:
32, Issue:
5
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Objectives:
Health psychology has contributed significantly to understanding the link between psychological factors and health and well-being, but it has not often incorporated advances in ...relationship science into hypothesis generation and study design. We present one example of a theoretical model, following from a major relationship theory (attachment theory) that integrates relationship constructs and processes with biopsychosocial processes and health outcomes.
Method:
We briefly describe attachment theory and present a general framework linking it to dyadic relationship processes (relationship behaviors, mediators, and outcomes) and health processes (physiology, affective states, health behavior, and health outcomes). We discuss the utility of the model for research in several health domains (e.g., self-regulation of health behavior, pain, chronic disease) and its implications for interventions and future research.
Results:
This framework revealed important gaps in knowledge about relationships and health. Future work in this area will benefit from taking into account individual differences in attachment, adopting a more explicit dyadic approach, examining more integrated models that test for mediating processes, and incorporating a broader range of relationship constructs that have implications for health.
Conclusions:
A theoretical framework for studying health that is based in relationship science can accelerate progress by generating new research directions designed to pinpoint the mechanisms through which close relationships promote or undermine health. Furthermore, this knowledge can be applied to develop more effective interventions to help individuals and their relationship partners with health-related challenges.
Introduction: Given the significant impact of the early developmental period on the formation of EGO strength, this study aimed to investigate the predictive role of attachment styles in relation to ...EGO strength and its subscales, including hope, will, purpose, competence, fidelity, love, care, and wisdom.Method: This research employs a descriptive correlation methodology. The participants included 250 students from Tehran University and Shahed University who were selected using the convenience sampling method. The Collins and Reid Attachment Style Questionnaires and Markstrom's Ego Strength Questionnaire were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis.Result: The correlation results indicate a significant relationship between attachment styles and EGO strength. Furthermore, the multiple regression analysis reveals that this model can predict 33.3% of the variance in EGO strength. The prediction results for the subscales and percentage of change variance are as follows: Hope: 7.30, Will: 9.23, Purpose: 31, Competence: 3.25, Fidelity: 9.13, Love: 3, Care: 9, Wisdom: 5.26.Discussion and Conclusion: The results indicate that the secure attachment style positively predicts EGO strength and its subscales, while the avoidant and anxious attachment styles negatively predict EGO strength and its subscales. These findings demonstrate the significance of secure attachment in predicting ego strength.
Most mothers have more than one child. Second‐time mothers may worry about whether they will love the second baby as much as their first child. The current study examined mothers’ maternal‐fetal ...relationship anxiety (MFRA) to their second baby, the prediction of mother‐infant bonding (MIB) and infant‐mother attachment security post‐partum, and the psychosocial correlates of mothers’ MFRA during pregnancy. Mothers (N = 241, 85.9% White, 5.4% Black, 2.9% Asian/American, 3.7% Latina) and their second‐born infants (55% boys) living in the Midwestern United States participated in a longitudinal investigation starting in the last trimester of pregnancy, and 1, 4, 8, and 12 months postpartum. Most women reported little to no anxiety about forming an attachment to their second baby (89.1%). MFRA predicted less maternal warmth toward the baby at 1, 4, and 8 months postpartum, but did not predict security of the infant‐mother attachment at 12 months. Prenatal MFRA was also related to maternal depressive symptoms, an insecure attachment with the first child, more marital distress, and more adult attachment avoidance and ambivalence prenatally. Mothers worrying about loving a second baby as much as their first child may be experiencing other psychosocial risks that have repercussions for the developing mother‐infant relationship.
Resumen
La mayoría de las madres tiene más de un niño. Las que son madres por segunda vez se preocupan de si ellas amarán al segundo bebé tanto como al primer niño. El presente estudio examinó la ansiedad de la relación materno‐fetal (MFRA) con su segundo bebé, la predicción del apego madre‐infante y la seguridad de la afectividad madre‐infante posterior al parto, así como las correlaciones sicosociales de la MFRA de las madres durante el embarazo. Las madres (N = 241, 85.9% blancas, 5.4% negras, 2.9 asiático‐americanas, 3.7% latinas) y sus segundos infantes (55% varones), quienes vivían en el medio‐oeste de los Estados Unidos, participaron en una investigación longitudinal comenzando en el último trimestre del embarazo, y a 1, 4, 8 y 12 meses después del parto. La mayoría de las mujeres reportó entre poca y ninguna ansiedad acerca de formar una relación afectiva con su segundo bebé (89.1%). La MFRA predijo menos calidez materna hacia el bebé a 1, 4 y 8 meses después del parto, pero no predijo la seguridad de la afectividad madre‐infante a los 12 meses. La MFRA prenatal también se relacionó con los síntomas depresivos maternos, una afectividad insegura con el primer niño, más angustia marital, así como un mayor sentido adulto de ambivalencia y de evitar la afectividad prenatalmente. Las madres que se preocupan acerca de querer a su segundo bebé tanto como a su primer niño pudieran experimentar otros riesgos sicológicos y tener repercusiones para el desarrollo de la relación madre‐infante.
Résumé
La plupart des mères ont plus d'un seul enfant. Les mères pour la deuxième fois peuvent s'inquiéter si elles aimeront le second bébé autant que leur premier enfant. Cette étude a examiné l'anxiété de la relation maternelle‐fœtale (abrégé MFRA selon l'anglais) des mères en lien à leur second bébé, la prédiction du lien mère‐nourrisson et la sécurité de l'attachement nourrisson‐mère postpartum ainsi que les corrélats psychosociaux de la MFRA des mères durant la grossesse. Les mères (N = 241, 85,9% blanches, 5,4% noires, 2,9% asiatiques américaines, 3,7% latinas) et leur deuxième bébé (55% de garçons) vivant dans le centre nord des Etats‐Unis d'Amérique ont participé à une enquête longitudinale commençant le dernier trimestre de la grossesse et à 1, 4, 8 et 12 mois postpartum. La plupart des femmes ont fait état de presque aucune anxiété quant à la formation de l'attachement à leur second bébé (89,1%). La MFRA a prédit moins de chaleur maternelle envers le bébé à 1, 4, et 8 mois postpartum mais n'a pas prédit la sécurité de l'attachement bébé‐mère à 12 mois. La MFRA prénatale était aussi liée aux symptômes dépressifs maternels, à un attachement insécure avec le premier enfant, à plus de détresse conjugale et à plus d’évitement et d'ambivalence de l'attachement adulte avant la naissance.
Zusammenfassung
Die meisten Mütter haben mehr als ein Kind. Mütter, die zum zweiten Mal ein Kind bekommen, machen sich möglicherweise Sorgen darüber, ob sie das zweite Kind so sehr lieben werden wie ihr erstes Kind. Die aktuelle Studie untersuchte die mütterlich‐fötale Beziehungsangst (maternal‐fetal relationship anxiety; MFRA) der Mütter gegenüber ihrem zweiten Kind, die Vorhersage der Mutter‐Kind‐Bindung und der Mutter‐Kind‐Bindungssicherheit nach der Geburt sowie die psychosozialen Korrelate der MFRA der Mütter während der Schwangerschaft. Mütter (N = 241, 85,9 % weiß, 5,4 % schwarz, 2,9 % asiatisch/amerikanisch, 3,7 % lateinamerikanisch) und ihre zweitgeborenen Kinder (55 % Jungen), die im mittleren Westen der Vereinigten Staaten leben, nahmen an einer Längsschnittuntersuchung teil, die im letzten Trimester der Schwangerschaft begann. Weitere Messzeitpunkte gab es einen, vier, acht und zwölf Monate nach der Geburt. Die meisten Frauen gaben an, wenig bis gar keine Angst bezüglich der Bindung zu ihrem zweiten Kind zu haben (89,1 %). MFRA sagte weniger mütterliche Wärme gegenüber dem Baby im ersten, vierten und achten Monat nach der Geburt voraus, nicht aber die Bindungssicherheit zwischen Mutter und Kind im zwölften Monat. Pränatale MFRA stand auch im Zusammenhang mit depressiven Symptomen bei der Mutter, einer unsicheren Bindung zum ersten Kind, mehr Eheproblemen und einer stärkeren pränatalen Bindungsvermeidung und Ambivalenz gegenüber Erwachsenen. Mütter, die sich Sorgen machen, ob sie ihr zweites Kind so sehr lieben wie ihr erstes Kind, sind möglicherweise anderen psychosozialen Risiken ausgesetzt, die sich auf die sich entwickelnde Mutter‐Kind‐Beziehung auswirken.
抄録
ほとんどの母親が１人以上の子どもを持つ。２人目の時、母親は、２人目の赤ちゃんを１人目と同じように愛するかと心配になることがある。本研究では、母親の2人目の赤ちゃんに対する母‐胎児関係性不安 (MFRA) 、産後の母乳幼児ボンディングと乳幼児‐母愛着安定性の予測、妊娠期の母親のMFRAの心理社会的相関について検討した。米国中西部に住む母親 (N = 241、白人85.9%、黒人5.4%、アジア・アメリカ人2.9%、ラテン系3.7%) とその第2子 (55%が男児) が、妊娠後期から産後1、4、8、12ヶ月までの縦断調査に参加した。ほとんどの女性が、2人目の赤ちゃんとの愛着形成についてほとんど又は全く不安を感じていないと報告した (89.1％) 。MFRAは、産後1、4、8ヶ月の時点で、赤ちゃんに対する母親の温かさの少ないことを予測したが、12ヶ月の時点では、乳児と母親の愛着の安定性を予測しなかった。また、出生前のMFRAは、母親の抑うつ症状、第1子への不安定な愛着、夫婦間の不和の強さ、成人愛着の回避型や両価型とも関連があった。第２子を第１子と同じように愛するようになるかということを心配する母親は、発達中の母‐乳幼児関係に影響を及ぼす他の心理社会的リスクを経験している可能性がある。
摘要
大多数母亲都有不止一个孩子。二胎妈妈可能会担心自己是否会像爱第一个孩子一样爱第二个孩子。本研究考察了母亲对第二个孩子的母胎关系焦虑 (MFRA)、产后母婴关系和母婴依恋安全的预测, 以及母亲在怀孕期间MFRA的社会心理相关性。美国中西部地区的母亲 (N = 241, 其中85.9％为白人, 5.4％为黑人, 2.9％为亚洲/美洲人, 3.7％为拉丁裔) 和他们的第二胎婴儿 (55％为男孩) 参加了一项纵向调查, 该调查始于妊娠晚期以及产后1个月、4个月、8个月和12个月。大多数女性对与第二个婴儿建立依恋关系几乎没有焦虑 (89.1%)。MFRA预测了产后1个月、4个月和8个月时对婴儿的母爱温馨程度较低, 但未能预测12个月时母婴依恋的安全性。产前MFRA还与母亲的抑郁症状、对第一个孩子的不安全依恋、更多的婚姻困扰、更多的成人依恋回避和产前矛盾心理有关。担心对第二个孩子是否能像对待第一个孩子那样热爱的母亲可能会面临其他社会心理风险, 从而对母婴关系的发展产生影响。
ملخص
معظم الأمهات لديهن أكثر من طفل واحد. قد تقلق الأمهات في المرة الثانية بشأن ما إذا كانوا سيحبون الطفل الثاني مثل طفلهم الأول. تناولت الدراسة الحالية قلق علاقة الأم بالجنين (MFRA) في حالة الطفل الثاني ، والتنبؤ بارتباط الأم بالرضيع وأمن التعلق بين الأم والرضيع بعد الولادة ، والارتباطات النفسية والاجتماعية لقلق العلاقة أثناء الحمل. شارك في الدراسة عدد من الأمهات (N = 241): 85.9٪ من البيض ، 5.4٪ من السود ، 2.9٪ آسيويين / أمريكيين ، 3.7٪ من اللاتين وأطفالهن المولودين ثانياً (55٪ بنين) والذين يعيشون في الغرب الأوسط للولايات المتحدة حيث شاركوا في دراسة طولية بدأت في الثلث الأخير من الحمل ، و عند شهر و4 شهور و 8 شهور و 12 شهرًا بعد الولادة. أبلغت معظم النساء عن قلق ضئيل أو معدوم بشأن تكوين ارتباط بطفلهن الثاني (89.1٪). وتنبأ قلق العلاقة (MFRA) بدفء قل تجاه الطفل في 1 و 4 و 8 أشهر بعد الولادة ، لكنه لم يتنبأ بأمان التعلق بين الأم والرضيع في 12 شهرًا. كان قلق العلاقة قبل الولادة مرتبطاً أيضاً بأعراض اكتئاب الأم ، والتعلق غير الآمن بالطفل الأول ، والمزيد من الضيق الزوجي ، وتجنب التعلق عند البالغين والتناقض ما قبل الولادة. قد تتعرض الأمهات اللواتي يقلقن من حب طفل ثانٍ بقدر طفلهن الأول لمخاطر نفسية واجتماعية أخرى لها تداعيات على تطور العلاقة بين الأم والرضيع.
Attachment networks in young adults Carli, Lucia L; Alì, Paolo Alessandro; Anzelmo, Elena ...
Frontiers in psychology,
02/2024, Volume:
14
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
This study investigated attachment networks in a sample of Italian young adults. Attachment networks were defined in terms of attachment functions, attachment strength, the presence of a primary ...figure, and full-blown attachments.
Participants were 405 young adults, and we studied the effects of the demographic variables of gender, romantic status (whether single, involved in a romantic relationship for less or more than 24 months) and employment (whether university students or workers) on the structure of attachment networks. Participants were asked to answer the WHO-TO questionnaire, and derived indexes were analyzed using mixed ANOVAs, linear and logistic regression techniques.
Results indicated that while friends still had great importance in the network, partners were acquiring increasing relevance; at the same time, parents, and particularly mothers, remained central figures, particularly for the secure base function. Regarding the demographic variables, we observed that women reported stronger bonds with their mothers than men did, while the importance of friends was higher for men than for women. Additionally, our study supports previous findings underlining the importance of romantic partners in this phase of life, with participants involved in romantic relationships for longer than 24 months showing a fully developed attachment bond with their partners. Finally, for workers, the transfer of functions from the family-of-origin to external figures seemed to be fostered.
In conclusion, young Italian young adults go through a phase of intensive restructuring of attachment bond networks, particularly in relation to the consolidation of romantic relationships and work commitments.
Attachment theory provides a framework for understanding the correlations among interpersonal relationships, stress, and health. Moreover, adult attachment is an important predictor of mental health. ...However, there is a lack of systematic reviews that simultaneously examine the associations between adult attachment and both positive and negative indicators of mental health. Consequently, we meta-analyzed 224 studies examining the associations between adult attachment and mental health, using robust variance estimation with random effects. The results (k = 245 samples, N = 79,722) showed that higher levels of attachment anxiety and avoidance were positively correlated with negative affect (e.g., depression, anxiety, loneliness) and they were negatively correlated with positive affect (e.g., life satisfaction, self-esteem). More specifically, there were moderate associations between attachment avoidance and negative mental health (r = .28) and positive mental health (r = −.24). Likewise, there were moderate associations between attachment anxiety and negative mental health (r = .42) and positive mental health (r = −.29). Furthermore, the association between the attachment dimensions and mental health outcomes was also moderated by several variables (e.g., gender, age). Finally, these associations remained statistically significant even when the attachment dimensions were mutually controlled using meta-analytic structural equation modeling. Overall, attachment anxiety had larger associations with mental health than did attachment avoidance. Thus, the current results support robust links between adult attachment and mental health. This may have implications for future research and mental health treatments.
Abstract Attachment disorders, specifically Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) and Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder (DSED) are disorders associated with neglect and abuse in which people have ...significant difficulties relating to others. This study aims to explore Attachment Disorder symptoms and diagnoses in young offenders and factors that may be associated with them such as mental health problems. A cross-sectional design was used with 29 young people who were known to Intensive Services, aged 12–17 (M = 16.2, SD = 1.3), 29 carers and 20 teachers. They completed measures investigating symptoms of Attachment Disorders and psychopathology. Eighty-six percent of the young people had experienced some form of maltreatment and the rates of an actual or borderline Attachment Disorder was 52%. A positive correlation between Attachment Disorder symptoms and other mental health problems (as rated by carer-report Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire Total Difficulties Score), accounting for 36% of the variance was found, with a large effect size ( rs = 0.60). Attachment Disorder symptoms were associated with hyperactivity and peer relationship problems.
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