Introduction: Given the significant impact of the early developmental period on the formation of EGO strength, this study aimed to investigate the predictive role of attachment styles in relation to ...EGO strength and its subscales, including hope, will, purpose, competence, fidelity, love, care, and wisdom.Method: This research employs a descriptive correlation methodology. The participants included 250 students from Tehran University and Shahed University who were selected using the convenience sampling method. The Collins and Reid Attachment Style Questionnaires and Markstrom's Ego Strength Questionnaire were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis.Result: The correlation results indicate a significant relationship between attachment styles and EGO strength. Furthermore, the multiple regression analysis reveals that this model can predict 33.3% of the variance in EGO strength. The prediction results for the subscales and percentage of change variance are as follows: Hope: 7.30, Will: 9.23, Purpose: 31, Competence: 3.25, Fidelity: 9.13, Love: 3, Care: 9, Wisdom: 5.26.Discussion and Conclusion: The results indicate that the secure attachment style positively predicts EGO strength and its subscales, while the avoidant and anxious attachment styles negatively predict EGO strength and its subscales. These findings demonstrate the significance of secure attachment in predicting ego strength.
A systematic review of the literature was conducted to summarize research that examined the associations between problematic social networking sites use (PSNSU) and attachment-related phenomena among ...adolescents and adults. Records were included in the systematic review if they presented original data, assessed attachment and PSNSU, were published in peer-reviewed journals between 2004 and 2021 and were written in English. After duplicates removal, 373 studies were found eligible for scrutiny. Among the screened full texts, 32 articles met the eligibility criteria. The selected studies included a total of 16,938 participants. Findings from these studies highlighted that PSNSU is negatively associated with indicators of secure attachment and positively associated with indicators of attachment anxiety, whereas results regarding indicators of attachment avoidance were mixed. Furthermore, an analysis of mediators showed that the relationship between PSNU and attachment-related phenomena is affected by individual, interpersonal, and SNS-related variables. Future directions for research as well as implications for clinical practice are discussed.
•Problematic social networking sites use (PSNSU) was examined from an attachment framework.•PSNSU is negatively associated with secure attachment.•PSNSU is positively associated with attachment anxiety in multiple relational contexts.•Individual, interpersonal, and SNS-related mediators affect the relationships between PSNSU and attachment.•Attachment insecurity should be considered when tailoring treatment of people with PSNSU.
This study examined the empirical convergence of Attachment Script Assessment (ASA) deactivation, hyperactivation, and anomalous scripts with conceptually corresponding attachment patterns assessed ...via the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI), and the significance of ASA dimensions for autonomic physiological reactivity during adult attachment assessments. Young adults' (50% male; Mage = 19 years; 80% White/European American) ASA deactivation, hyperactivation, and anomalous content were significantly associated with AAI dismissing (r = .26-.38), preoccupied (r = .31-.35), and unresolved (r = .37) states of mind, respectively. ASA hyperactivation and anomalous content were associated with heightened RSA reactivity to the AAI and ASA, aligning with expectations that these attachment patterns capture the tendency to heighten expressions of negative, traumatic experiences. ASA deactivation was associated with smaller increases in electrodermal activity to the ASA-indicative of less sympathetic arousal-converging with the tendency of individuals higher in deactivation to avoid discussing attachment themes in the ASA.
Most mothers have more than one child. Second‐time mothers may worry about whether they will love the second baby as much as their first child. The current study examined mothers’ maternal‐fetal ...relationship anxiety (MFRA) to their second baby, the prediction of mother‐infant bonding (MIB) and infant‐mother attachment security post‐partum, and the psychosocial correlates of mothers’ MFRA during pregnancy. Mothers (N = 241, 85.9% White, 5.4% Black, 2.9% Asian/American, 3.7% Latina) and their second‐born infants (55% boys) living in the Midwestern United States participated in a longitudinal investigation starting in the last trimester of pregnancy, and 1, 4, 8, and 12 months postpartum. Most women reported little to no anxiety about forming an attachment to their second baby (89.1%). MFRA predicted less maternal warmth toward the baby at 1, 4, and 8 months postpartum, but did not predict security of the infant‐mother attachment at 12 months. Prenatal MFRA was also related to maternal depressive symptoms, an insecure attachment with the first child, more marital distress, and more adult attachment avoidance and ambivalence prenatally. Mothers worrying about loving a second baby as much as their first child may be experiencing other psychosocial risks that have repercussions for the developing mother‐infant relationship.
Resumen
La mayoría de las madres tiene más de un niño. Las que son madres por segunda vez se preocupan de si ellas amarán al segundo bebé tanto como al primer niño. El presente estudio examinó la ansiedad de la relación materno‐fetal (MFRA) con su segundo bebé, la predicción del apego madre‐infante y la seguridad de la afectividad madre‐infante posterior al parto, así como las correlaciones sicosociales de la MFRA de las madres durante el embarazo. Las madres (N = 241, 85.9% blancas, 5.4% negras, 2.9 asiático‐americanas, 3.7% latinas) y sus segundos infantes (55% varones), quienes vivían en el medio‐oeste de los Estados Unidos, participaron en una investigación longitudinal comenzando en el último trimestre del embarazo, y a 1, 4, 8 y 12 meses después del parto. La mayoría de las mujeres reportó entre poca y ninguna ansiedad acerca de formar una relación afectiva con su segundo bebé (89.1%). La MFRA predijo menos calidez materna hacia el bebé a 1, 4 y 8 meses después del parto, pero no predijo la seguridad de la afectividad madre‐infante a los 12 meses. La MFRA prenatal también se relacionó con los síntomas depresivos maternos, una afectividad insegura con el primer niño, más angustia marital, así como un mayor sentido adulto de ambivalencia y de evitar la afectividad prenatalmente. Las madres que se preocupan acerca de querer a su segundo bebé tanto como a su primer niño pudieran experimentar otros riesgos sicológicos y tener repercusiones para el desarrollo de la relación madre‐infante.
Résumé
La plupart des mères ont plus d'un seul enfant. Les mères pour la deuxième fois peuvent s'inquiéter si elles aimeront le second bébé autant que leur premier enfant. Cette étude a examiné l'anxiété de la relation maternelle‐fœtale (abrégé MFRA selon l'anglais) des mères en lien à leur second bébé, la prédiction du lien mère‐nourrisson et la sécurité de l'attachement nourrisson‐mère postpartum ainsi que les corrélats psychosociaux de la MFRA des mères durant la grossesse. Les mères (N = 241, 85,9% blanches, 5,4% noires, 2,9% asiatiques américaines, 3,7% latinas) et leur deuxième bébé (55% de garçons) vivant dans le centre nord des Etats‐Unis d'Amérique ont participé à une enquête longitudinale commençant le dernier trimestre de la grossesse et à 1, 4, 8 et 12 mois postpartum. La plupart des femmes ont fait état de presque aucune anxiété quant à la formation de l'attachement à leur second bébé (89,1%). La MFRA a prédit moins de chaleur maternelle envers le bébé à 1, 4, et 8 mois postpartum mais n'a pas prédit la sécurité de l'attachement bébé‐mère à 12 mois. La MFRA prénatale était aussi liée aux symptômes dépressifs maternels, à un attachement insécure avec le premier enfant, à plus de détresse conjugale et à plus d’évitement et d'ambivalence de l'attachement adulte avant la naissance.
Zusammenfassung
Die meisten Mütter haben mehr als ein Kind. Mütter, die zum zweiten Mal ein Kind bekommen, machen sich möglicherweise Sorgen darüber, ob sie das zweite Kind so sehr lieben werden wie ihr erstes Kind. Die aktuelle Studie untersuchte die mütterlich‐fötale Beziehungsangst (maternal‐fetal relationship anxiety; MFRA) der Mütter gegenüber ihrem zweiten Kind, die Vorhersage der Mutter‐Kind‐Bindung und der Mutter‐Kind‐Bindungssicherheit nach der Geburt sowie die psychosozialen Korrelate der MFRA der Mütter während der Schwangerschaft. Mütter (N = 241, 85,9 % weiß, 5,4 % schwarz, 2,9 % asiatisch/amerikanisch, 3,7 % lateinamerikanisch) und ihre zweitgeborenen Kinder (55 % Jungen), die im mittleren Westen der Vereinigten Staaten leben, nahmen an einer Längsschnittuntersuchung teil, die im letzten Trimester der Schwangerschaft begann. Weitere Messzeitpunkte gab es einen, vier, acht und zwölf Monate nach der Geburt. Die meisten Frauen gaben an, wenig bis gar keine Angst bezüglich der Bindung zu ihrem zweiten Kind zu haben (89,1 %). MFRA sagte weniger mütterliche Wärme gegenüber dem Baby im ersten, vierten und achten Monat nach der Geburt voraus, nicht aber die Bindungssicherheit zwischen Mutter und Kind im zwölften Monat. Pränatale MFRA stand auch im Zusammenhang mit depressiven Symptomen bei der Mutter, einer unsicheren Bindung zum ersten Kind, mehr Eheproblemen und einer stärkeren pränatalen Bindungsvermeidung und Ambivalenz gegenüber Erwachsenen. Mütter, die sich Sorgen machen, ob sie ihr zweites Kind so sehr lieben wie ihr erstes Kind, sind möglicherweise anderen psychosozialen Risiken ausgesetzt, die sich auf die sich entwickelnde Mutter‐Kind‐Beziehung auswirken.
抄録
ほとんどの母親が１人以上の子どもを持つ。２人目の時、母親は、２人目の赤ちゃんを１人目と同じように愛するかと心配になることがある。本研究では、母親の2人目の赤ちゃんに対する母‐胎児関係性不安 (MFRA) 、産後の母乳幼児ボンディングと乳幼児‐母愛着安定性の予測、妊娠期の母親のMFRAの心理社会的相関について検討した。米国中西部に住む母親 (N = 241、白人85.9%、黒人5.4%、アジア・アメリカ人2.9%、ラテン系3.7%) とその第2子 (55%が男児) が、妊娠後期から産後1、4、8、12ヶ月までの縦断調査に参加した。ほとんどの女性が、2人目の赤ちゃんとの愛着形成についてほとんど又は全く不安を感じていないと報告した (89.1％) 。MFRAは、産後1、4、8ヶ月の時点で、赤ちゃんに対する母親の温かさの少ないことを予測したが、12ヶ月の時点では、乳児と母親の愛着の安定性を予測しなかった。また、出生前のMFRAは、母親の抑うつ症状、第1子への不安定な愛着、夫婦間の不和の強さ、成人愛着の回避型や両価型とも関連があった。第２子を第１子と同じように愛するようになるかということを心配する母親は、発達中の母‐乳幼児関係に影響を及ぼす他の心理社会的リスクを経験している可能性がある。
摘要
大多数母亲都有不止一个孩子。二胎妈妈可能会担心自己是否会像爱第一个孩子一样爱第二个孩子。本研究考察了母亲对第二个孩子的母胎关系焦虑 (MFRA)、产后母婴关系和母婴依恋安全的预测, 以及母亲在怀孕期间MFRA的社会心理相关性。美国中西部地区的母亲 (N = 241, 其中85.9％为白人, 5.4％为黑人, 2.9％为亚洲/美洲人, 3.7％为拉丁裔) 和他们的第二胎婴儿 (55％为男孩) 参加了一项纵向调查, 该调查始于妊娠晚期以及产后1个月、4个月、8个月和12个月。大多数女性对与第二个婴儿建立依恋关系几乎没有焦虑 (89.1%)。MFRA预测了产后1个月、4个月和8个月时对婴儿的母爱温馨程度较低, 但未能预测12个月时母婴依恋的安全性。产前MFRA还与母亲的抑郁症状、对第一个孩子的不安全依恋、更多的婚姻困扰、更多的成人依恋回避和产前矛盾心理有关。担心对第二个孩子是否能像对待第一个孩子那样热爱的母亲可能会面临其他社会心理风险, 从而对母婴关系的发展产生影响。
ملخص
معظم الأمهات لديهن أكثر من طفل واحد. قد تقلق الأمهات في المرة الثانية بشأن ما إذا كانوا سيحبون الطفل الثاني مثل طفلهم الأول. تناولت الدراسة الحالية قلق علاقة الأم بالجنين (MFRA) في حالة الطفل الثاني ، والتنبؤ بارتباط الأم بالرضيع وأمن التعلق بين الأم والرضيع بعد الولادة ، والارتباطات النفسية والاجتماعية لقلق العلاقة أثناء الحمل. شارك في الدراسة عدد من الأمهات (N = 241): 85.9٪ من البيض ، 5.4٪ من السود ، 2.9٪ آسيويين / أمريكيين ، 3.7٪ من اللاتين وأطفالهن المولودين ثانياً (55٪ بنين) والذين يعيشون في الغرب الأوسط للولايات المتحدة حيث شاركوا في دراسة طولية بدأت في الثلث الأخير من الحمل ، و عند شهر و4 شهور و 8 شهور و 12 شهرًا بعد الولادة. أبلغت معظم النساء عن قلق ضئيل أو معدوم بشأن تكوين ارتباط بطفلهن الثاني (89.1٪). وتنبأ قلق العلاقة (MFRA) بدفء قل تجاه الطفل في 1 و 4 و 8 أشهر بعد الولادة ، لكنه لم يتنبأ بأمان التعلق بين الأم والرضيع في 12 شهرًا. كان قلق العلاقة قبل الولادة مرتبطاً أيضاً بأعراض اكتئاب الأم ، والتعلق غير الآمن بالطفل الأول ، والمزيد من الضيق الزوجي ، وتجنب التعلق عند البالغين والتناقض ما قبل الولادة. قد تتعرض الأمهات اللواتي يقلقن من حب طفل ثانٍ بقدر طفلهن الأول لمخاطر نفسية واجتماعية أخرى لها تداعيات على تطور العلاقة بين الأم والرضيع.
Attachment networks in young adults Carli, Lucia L; Alì, Paolo Alessandro; Anzelmo, Elena ...
Frontiers in psychology,
02/2024, Volume:
14
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
This study investigated attachment networks in a sample of Italian young adults. Attachment networks were defined in terms of attachment functions, attachment strength, the presence of a primary ...figure, and full-blown attachments.
Participants were 405 young adults, and we studied the effects of the demographic variables of gender, romantic status (whether single, involved in a romantic relationship for less or more than 24 months) and employment (whether university students or workers) on the structure of attachment networks. Participants were asked to answer the WHO-TO questionnaire, and derived indexes were analyzed using mixed ANOVAs, linear and logistic regression techniques.
Results indicated that while friends still had great importance in the network, partners were acquiring increasing relevance; at the same time, parents, and particularly mothers, remained central figures, particularly for the secure base function. Regarding the demographic variables, we observed that women reported stronger bonds with their mothers than men did, while the importance of friends was higher for men than for women. Additionally, our study supports previous findings underlining the importance of romantic partners in this phase of life, with participants involved in romantic relationships for longer than 24 months showing a fully developed attachment bond with their partners. Finally, for workers, the transfer of functions from the family-of-origin to external figures seemed to be fostered.
In conclusion, young Italian young adults go through a phase of intensive restructuring of attachment bond networks, particularly in relation to the consolidation of romantic relationships and work commitments.
•This study develops on the trust building model and attachment theory in the sharing economy environment.•It investigates how users build trust-attachment relationships through cognitive- and ...affective-based trusts.•It also examines how users intend to use the sharing economy service through identity- and bond-based attachments.•The cognitive trust-identity attachment building mechanism rather than the affective trust-bond one.•It suggests how to enrich users’ trust-attachment toward the firm and the service provider.
The sharing norm has enabled many of unused resources revamped and returned with some value to both travelers and local communities in the sharing economy. Airbnb requires remarkable trust that goes beyond the level where both user and host take risks from a sharing transaction. This paper suggests an empirical research model developed based on the trust building model and attachment theory explaining how users develop their trust and further attachment through two major routes. The results indicate that the cognitive trust-identity attachment building mechanism is more effective than affective trust-bond attachment depending on the emotional distance between the users and hosts. Finally, this paper provides scholars with theoretical enhancement on the trust and attachment literature and recommends managers of the sharing businesses to enrich users’ trust-attachment toward the firm and the service provider that has a strong influence on users’ behavioral intention to use.
Abstract Attachment disorders, specifically Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) and Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder (DSED) are disorders associated with neglect and abuse in which people have ...significant difficulties relating to others. This study aims to explore Attachment Disorder symptoms and diagnoses in young offenders and factors that may be associated with them such as mental health problems. A cross-sectional design was used with 29 young people who were known to Intensive Services, aged 12–17 (M = 16.2, SD = 1.3), 29 carers and 20 teachers. They completed measures investigating symptoms of Attachment Disorders and psychopathology. Eighty-six percent of the young people had experienced some form of maltreatment and the rates of an actual or borderline Attachment Disorder was 52%. A positive correlation between Attachment Disorder symptoms and other mental health problems (as rated by carer-report Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire Total Difficulties Score), accounting for 36% of the variance was found, with a large effect size ( rs = 0.60). Attachment Disorder symptoms were associated with hyperactivity and peer relationship problems.
Infant attachment is theorized to lay the foundation of emotion regulation across the life span. However, testing this proposition requires prospective designs examining whether attachment assessed ...in infancy predicts emotion regulation strategies observed in adult relationships. Using unique data from the Minnesota Longitudinal Study of Risk and Adaptation, we examined whether infant attachment assessed at 12 and 18 months in the Strange Situation were associated with attachment-relevant emotion regulation strategies coded from video-recorded conflict discussions with romantic partners at ages 20, 23, 26, and/or 35. The current research first integrated the developmental and emotion regulation literatures to identify three specific attachment-relevant emotion regulation strategies. Balanced-regulation involves being open, approach-orientated, and engaging in collaborative problem-solving. Hypo-regulation involves suppressing emotions, disengaging from close others, and engaging in superficial problem-solving. Hyper-regulation involves exaggerating emotional expressions, ruminating, and being self-focused in processing issues. Compared to stable secure infants (secure at 12 and 18 months), stable insecure infants (insecure at 12 and 18 months) displayed worse balanced-regulation and greater hypo-regulation strategies, and unstable insecure infants (insecure at 12 or 18 months) displayed greater hyper-regulation strategies, in relationship-threatening situations 20-35 years later. Conceptually replicating these results, greater friendship insecurity at age 16 predicted worse balanced-regulation and greater hypo- and hyper-regulation strategies during relationship-threatening situations in adulthood. These findings highlight that infant attachment insecurity is associated with distinct emotion regulation strategies in adulthood 20-35 years later.
Background
Insecure attachment in infancy is associated with a range of later socioemotional problems; therefore, it is important to identify at‐risk children so that support can be provided. ...However, there are currently no well‐validated brief measures of infant attachment. The aim of this study is to create a brief version of the Attachment Q‐Sort (AQS), one of the gold‐standard measures of attachment.
Method
Data was used from the National Institute of Child Health and Development Study of Child Care and Youth Development (N = 1,364). The factor structure of the AQS was explored, and Item Response Theory was used to select a reduced number of items. Convergent validity of the shortened measure was assessed through associations with the Strange Situation Procedure. Correlations with sensitivity, externalising, and social competence were also examined.
Results
The Brief Attachment Scale (BAS‐16) was created consisting of two scales of eight items, relating to (a) harmonious interaction with the caregiver and (b) proximity‐seeking behaviours. The BAS‐16 showed comparable convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validity to the full AQS.
Conclusion
This brief version of the AQS shows potential as a screening measure for insecure attachment in infancy. Further development and validation is required in separate samples.
The experience of romantic love is closely interlocked with consumption journeys—yet how and why consumers engage in romantic consumption is not fully understood. This research emphasizes romantic ...consumption as a novel scholarly domain of theoretical and substantive richness due to its fundamental importance to nearly every consumer’s life and its considerable economic relevance. Specifically, we investigate how attachment styles influence romantic consumption across various contexts, from movies, books, and greeting cards to romantic gaming and online dating. Across six studies, we show that consumers with an avoidant attachment style are less likely to engage in romantic consumption, whereas consumers with anxious and fearful attachment styles are more favorable toward it and emulate the romantic consumption of consumers with a secure attachment style. We propose that this pattern is driven by the interaction between attachment avoidance and anxiety such that the negative effect of attachment avoidance is attenuated when attachment anxiety is high. These attachment style differences are mediated by a motive for emotional intimacy, suggesting that personal romantic consumption (e.g., reading a book) can serve as a surrogate to fulfill unmet relational needs. Notably, positioning products via types of romantic love serves as an important moderator: products positioned via companionate love are more appealing to securely attached consumers, products positioned via passionate love are more appealing to avoidant consumers, and anxious and fearful consumers find both equally appealing. Consistent with the notion of consumer-based strategy, we discuss how managers can leverage these insights in their segmentation, targeting, and positioning.
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