Research on the effectiveness and mechanisms of mindfulness training applied in psychotherapy is still in its infancy (Erisman & Roemer, 2010). For instance, little is known about the extent and ...processes through which mindfulness practice improves emotion regulation. This experience sampling study assessed the relationship between mindfulness, emotion differentiation, emotion lability, and emotional difficulties. Young adult participants reported their current emotional experiences 6 times per day during 1 week on a PalmPilot device. Based on these reports of emotions, indices of emotional differentiation and emotion lability were composed for negative and positive emotions. Mindfulness was associated with greater emotion differentiation and less emotional difficulties (i.e., emotion lability and self-reported emotion dysregulation). Mediational models indicated that the relationship between mindfulness and emotion lability was mediated by emotion differentiation. Furthermore, emotion regulation mediated the relationship between mindfulness and both negative emotion lability and positive emotion differentiation. This experience sampling study indicates that self-reported levels of mindfulness are related to higher levels of differentiation of one's discrete emotional experiences in a manner reflective of effective emotion regulation.
Organizations deploy a team of dedicated security professionals and spend significant resources safeguarding their digital assets. Despite best efforts, security incidents are on the rise and remain ...a key challenge. The literature has focused inadequately on the lack of professionals’ awareness of security, system, or situational aspects. Extant literature on the impact of awareness on threat management tasks is disjointed and does not adequately consider the metacognitive awareness and self-efficacy of security professionals. To this effect, we propose and empirically validate a model to study the relationship between security, system, situational awareness, and security professionals’ ability to detect, assess, and mitigate threats. We also investigate the effects of metacognitive awareness and self-efficacy on the relationship between awareness and threat management tasks. We validate the model using a survey of 100 information security professionals. Results indicate a significant relationship between awareness, metacognitive awareness, self-efficacy, and threat management task performance. The analysis also demonstrates that metacognitive awareness and self-efficacy mediated the impact of awareness on threat management task performance. We discuss the effects and implications of this study for practice and research.
Growth curve analyses showed that (a) word-level phonological and orthographic awareness show greatest growth during the primary grades but some additional growth thereafter, and (b) three kinds of ...morphological awareness show greatest growth in the first three or four grades but one—derivation—continues to show substantial growth after fourth grade. Implications of the findings for the role of three kinds of linguistic awareness—phonological, orthographic, and morphological—in learning to read and spell words are discussed. A case is made that phonological awareness, while necessary, is not sufficient for learning to read English—all three kinds of linguistic awareness that are growing during the primary grades need to be coordinated and applied to literacy learning. This finding and a review of the research on linguistic awareness support the conclusion that the recommendations of the National Reading Panel need to be amended so that the research evidence supporting the importance of both orthographic and morphological awareness, and not only phonological awareness, is acknowledged. Moreover, evidence-based strategies for teaching each of these kinds of linguistic awareness and their interrelationships need to be disseminated to educational practitioners.
A firefighter's situation awareness (SA) is considered crucial to making effective tactical decisions and actions at the scene. Despite the importance of the firefighter's SA, there have been limited ...research efforts to understand what cues and information firefighters use to assess ongoing situations and predict future conditions. In addition to fire events, contemporary firefighters respond to an increasing volume of non-fire incidents. Thus, this study aims to identify firefighters' SA during three fire incidents (single house fire, vehicle fire, and passenger aircraft fire) and three non-fire incidents (medical emergency, hazardous materials, and urban search and rescue). A goal-directed task analysis was conducted via focus group discussions with eight career firefighters. Findings indicate that firefighters build their SA by processing various cues from hazards (e.g., fire, ignition source), humans (e.g., occupants, bystanders, drivers, passengers), spatial elements (e.g., building structure, location of hazards), and surrounding conditions (e.g., traffic, weather). Our findings provide insights into SA measurement, SA-oriented work processes, training for SA, and designing technologies to support firefighters' SA during all-hazard responses.
•Modern firefighters increasingly respond to non-fire incidents.•Firefighters' situation awareness (SA) plays a critical role for their decisions.•Firefighters perceive cues of hazards, people, space, and surrounding conditions.•Efforts are needed to support firefighter's SA for various future hazardous events.
Neural Circuits of Interoception Berntson, Gary G.; Khalsa, Sahib S.
Trends in neurosciences (Regular ed.),
January 2021, 2021-01-00, 20210101, Volume:
44, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
The present paper considers recent progress in our understanding of the afferent/ascending neural pathways and neural circuits of interoception. Of particular note is the extensive role of rostral ...neural systems, including cortical systems, in the recognition of internal body states, and the reciprocal role of efferent/descending systems in the regulation of those states. Together these reciprocal interacting networks entail interoceptive circuits that play an important role in a broad range of functions beyond the homeostatic maintenance of physiological steady-states. These include the regulation of behavioral, cognitive, and affective processes across conscious and nonconscious levels of processing. We highlight recent advances and knowledge gaps that are important for accelerating progress in the study of interoception.
The nervous system receives ascending communication of interoceptive signals originating from the periphery via chemoreceptor, mechanoreceptor, and osmoreceptor pathways, several of which were discovered only recently.Visceral systems and associated interoceptive signals are regulated in part by descending central nervous system (CNS) control of the autonomic nervous system, yielding a reciprocal circuit that regulates bodily organs and a wide array of motor, cognitive, and affective processes.A gap in our understanding of how interoceptive signals are relayed through the CNS from the body centers on inputs to the nucleus tractus solitarius and higher relay pathways.The neural circuits of interoception are important for behavioral, cognitive, and emotional regulation across conscious and nonconscious levels of processing.
Based on prior research, multiple discriminable dimensions of interoception have been defined: awareness, accuracy and sensibility. Some investigators defined interoceptive awareness as metacognitive ...awareness of interoceptive accuracy, assessed as correspondence between subjective confidence in and objective accuracy of one's heartbeat detection. However, metacognitive awareness has been understood quite differently: ‘a cognitive set in which negative thoughts/feelings are experienced as mental events, rather than as the self’ or as ‘error awareness’. Interoceptive sensibility, defined as self-reported interoception, distinguishes self-reported interoception from objective interoceptive accuracy, but does not differentiate between anxiety-driven and mindful attention styles towards interoceptive cues, a distinction of key clinical importance: one attention style is associated with somatization and anxiety disorders; the other has been viewed as healthy, adaptive, resilience-enhancing. The self-report Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness was developed to differentiate these attention styles. It has been translated into 16 languages and applied in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Findings from these applications suggest that differentiating interoceptive sensibility according to attention style and regulatory aspects (i) provides insights into the psychology of interoceptive awareness, (ii) differentiates between clinically maladaptive and beneficial interoceptive attention, and (iii) helps elucidate therapeutic approaches that claim to provide health benefits by training mindful styles of bodily awareness.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Interoception beyond homeostasis: affect, cognition and mental health’.
Our review addresses one of the most used, but debated, topics in Ergonomics: Situation Awareness (SA). We examine and elaborate upon key SA models. These models are divided into individual SA, team ...SA and systems SA categories. Despite, or perhaps because of, the debates surrounding SA it remains an enduring theme for research and practice in the domain of Ergonomics, now for over two decades. A contingent approach, which seeks to match different models of SA to different types of ergonomics problem, enables the differences between positions to be revealed and reconciled, and the practitioner guided towards optimum methodological solutions.
Practitioner Summary: Measuring SA in individuals, teams and systems has become a key objective in Ergonomics. One single approach to SA does not fit all problems encountered. This review shows the importance of considering all three types of models and achieving a match between them and the problem at hand.
The wide-area situational awareness (SA) aims at an early detection of impending system instability and to alert system operator to take necessary actions. Since a critical situation may be triggered ...in a system because of various reasons, a wide-area monitoring system needs to consider several practical factors while deploying phasor measurement units (PMUs) in the grid. This study proposes a systematic framework for analysing the suitability of limited candidate PMU locations with respect to multiple applications, which, in turn, would enhance the SA of the system operator. Five factors are chosen for assessing the potential of a PMU site viz., improving state estimation, assessing voltage, angular stability, monitoring tie-line oscillations and the availability of communication infrastructure. To quantify the contribution of each application in enhancing the SA, five respective factors are proposed. These five factors are finally integrated in the proposed framework using fuzzy technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution. The scope of this work, however, is not limited only to these five factors. PMU locations can be evaluated for any number of practical criteria. The proposed scheme is demonstrated on IEEE 14-bus system and Northern Regional Power Grid 246-bus Indian system. The proposed methodology enhances the SA by ranking and recognising the potential PMU locations, and placing them in a phased manner.
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