Integration of body-related signals within the peripersonal space (PPS) contributes to bodily self-awareness. Whereas several studies have shown how individual PPS extension is shaped by external ...factors, e.g. during interactions with people and objects, no studies have looked at interoceptive influences on PPS extension. We exposed participants to an audio-tactile interaction task, to measure their PPS boundary (Session 1), and to a heartbeat counting task and a time estimation task, to specifically assess their interoceptive accuracy (Session 2). Participants’ traits of private self-consciousness and social anxiety were also evaluated, to account for their possible effect on the relation between interoception and PPS representation. We found that higher interoceptive accuracy specifically predicts narrower PPS boundary. Moreover, this relation is moderated by individual traits of private self-consciousness, but not social anxiety. Extending the concept of interoceptive influences on exteroceptive body representations to PPS, our results, first, support the idea that a dynamic balance between intero-exteroceptive processing might represent a general principle underlying bodily self-awareness; second, they shed light on how interoception may affect also the way we interface with the external world. Finally, showing that, in order for interoceptive accuracy to be effective on the intero-exteroceptive balance, it is important that individuals tend to focus on inner sensations and feelings, our results suggest that a comprehensive intero-exteroceptive model of bodily self-awareness should be (at least) a three-dimensional model that includes individual self-consciousness traits.
When individuals strive towards personal goals, they may encounter obstacles that could compromise their goal progress and pose a challenge to self–regulation. Coping with obstacles first requires ...those obstacles to be identified. The purpose of the present studies was to apply an inter–individual approach to this important, but insufficiently studied self–regulatory aspect of goal striving. We therefore examined the role of self–awareness, that is, paying attention to one's own feelings, thoughts, and behaviours, for the identification of goal–related obstacles. We measured and manipulated self–awareness in two correlational and two experimental studies (one of them preregistered) and asked participants to identify obstacles to their goals. All studies confirmed the hypothesis that individuals with higher levels of dispositional and situational self–awareness identify more obstacles, both with regard to their idiosyncratic personal goals (Studies 1 and 2) and with regard to a goal in an assigned task during an experiment (Studies 3 and 4). The results indicate that self–awareness plays a crucial role for identifying obstacles. We discuss the implications of our findings for personality and self–regulation research.
The higher-order theory (HOT) of consciousness has often been misunderstood by critics. Here, we clarify its position on several issues, and distinguish it from other views, such as the global ...workspace theory (GWT) and early sensory models (e.g., first-order local recurrency theories). For example, HOT has been criticized for overintellectualizing consciousness. We show that, while higher-order states are cognitively assembled, the requirements are in fact considerably less than often presumed. In this sense, HOT may be viewed as an intermediate position between GWT and early sensory views. We also clarify that most proponents of HOT do not stipulate consciousness as equivalent to metacognition or confidence. Furthermore, compared with other existing theories, HOT can arguably account better for complex everyday experiences, such as emotions and episodic memories. This makes HOT particularly useful as a framework for conceptualizing pathological mental states.
Misunderstandings about HOT have marginalized it relative to other approaches.We clarify some of the key misunderstandings, including assumptions about the equivalence between consciousness and metacognition, and the role of introspection and the self.We reply to several objections, including those concerning the nature of perception in the visual periphery and issues raised about the value of so-called ‘no report’ paradigms.We also address issues regarding the involvement of prefrontal cortex, including questions about whether it is necessary, and whether its deactivation during dreams and psychedelic states is incompatible with it contributing to higher-order awareness.We propose a reconceptualization of lower-order states that contribute to higher-order awareness, including states of prefrontal cortex and multimodal and mnemonic states processed in posterior cortical areas.We provide arguments as to why the HOT of consciousness may be superior to both GWT and local recurrency theory regarding its ability to account for subjective experiences, especially of complex states such as memories and emotions that occur in everyday life and that are hallmarks of psychopathological conditions.
The exploration of blind students' reading skills is needed not only for further understanding their reading development but also for providing targeted suggestions for practical education. This ...study aims to examine the relations among phonological awareness (PA), homograph awareness (HA), compounding awareness (CA) and reading comprehension (RC), and explore the mediating effect of listening comprehension (LC) in Chinese blind students from elementary school. A total of 148 blind and 302 sighted elementary school students completed assessments of PA, HA, CA, LC and RC. The results found that PA, HA and CA were important variables that predicted Chinese blind and sighted students' RC not only directly but also indirectly through LC, which varied across different grades. The findings suggest that there were many similarities that exist in the influencing mechanism of RC between Chinese blind and sighted students.
Sustainability Simplified Porder, Stephen
American scientist,
2024, Volume:
112, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Porder argue that sustainability is a pressing issue in today's world, and focusing on the fundamental building blocks of life can help shape a better future. He states that as someone involved in ...sustainability efforts and research, he has become the go-to person for people to confess their environmental sins. Growing up, his family had some environmental consciousness, but they were not fully aware of the impact of their actions. Environmentalism used to be about being against harmful practices, but now there is a shift towards a more proactive approach. However, sustainability means different things to different people, leading to a sense of helplessness and worry that their efforts will never be enough. The challenge is to redirect the energy from worry to action. Many people feel overwhelmed and believe that only doing everything will make a difference.
Interoceptive and exteroceptive information are both essential for the construction and update of self-awareness. Whereas several studies have shown how interoceptive accuracy or cardiac feedback ...influences body-awareness, no studies have looked at the reverse effect, namely how exteroceptively-driven changes in body-ownership and self-identification can influence individuals’ ability to detect internal bodily signals. We exposed participants to the Rubber Hand Illusion (Experiment 1) and to the Enfacement Illusion (Experiment 2), and tested how this change in the sense of body-ownership and self-identification affected their interoceptive accuracy (IAcc). The heartbeat-counting task was used to measure IAcc before the bodily illusions, and then the same task was interleaved with periods of visuo-tactile stimulation, during which synchronous and asynchronous multisensory stimulation was applied. We found that a change in body-ownership significantly improved performance of participants with lower interoceptive accuracy. In contrast, a change in self-identification significantly decreased performance of participants with higher interoceptive accuracy. These results suggest that changes in different domains of self-awareness can differentially impact individuals’ ability to accurately detect signals arising from within the body, highlighting the distinct role that interoceptive signals play for different facets of bodily self-consciousness.
Profil Kesadaran Metakognitif Siswa SMA Gregory Yehezkiel Marhaendra; Natalia Rosa Keliat; Marisa Christina Tapilouw
Scholaria,
09/2023, Volume:
13, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Metacognition is thinking skill about thinking. Metacognitive awareness plays an important role in achieving success of the learning process. The aim of this research was to determine the ...metacognitive awareness profile of X class high school students in Salatiga. This research was used descriptive quantitative with the technique of determining the subject by purposive sampling. Data collection was carried out in a survey with the Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (MAI) instrument by applying a Likert scale. Based on the results of the research, the knowledge dimension with indicator for declarative knowledge was 72.62%, procedural knowledge was 72.13%, and conditional knowledge was 75.98%. Regulatory dimensions such as; planning indicators reached 74.19%, information management strategies only 64.44%, comprehension monitoring 72.01%, debugging strategies 72.87%, and evaluation 74.90%. The average percentage of metacognitive awareness of X class high school students in Salatiga for each indicator is 72.91%. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded here were several metacognitive awareness survey results whose percentages were below 50%.
The ability to accurately perceive signals from the body has been shown to be important for physical and psychological health as well as understanding one's emotions. Despite the importance of this ...skill, often indexed by heartbeat perception accuracy (HBPa), little is known about its malleability. Here, we investigated whether contemplative mental practice can increase HBPa. In the context of a 9‐month mental training study, the ReSource Project, two matched cohorts (n = 77 and n = 79) underwent three training modules of 3 months' duration that targeted attentional and interoceptive abilities (Presence module), socio‐affective (Affect module), and socio‐cognitive (Perspective module) abilities. A third cohort (n = 78) underwent 3 months of practice (Affect module) and a retest control group (n = 84) did not undergo any training. HBPa was measured with a heartbeat tracking task before and after each training module. Emotional awareness was measured by the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS). Participants with TAS scores > 60 at screening were excluded. HBPa was found to increase steadily over the training, with significant and small‐ to medium‐sized effects emerging after 6 months (Cohen's d = .173) and 9 months (d = .273) of mental training. Changes in HBPa were concomitant with and predictive of changes in emotional awareness. Our results suggest that HBPa can indeed be trained through intensive contemplative practice. The effect takes longer than the 8 weeks of typical mindfulness courses to reach meaningful magnitude. These increments in interoceptive accuracy and the related improvements in emotional awareness point to opportunities for improving physical and psychological health through contemplative mental training.
Interventions and Manipulations of Interoception Weng, Helen Y.; Feldman, Jack L.; Leggio, Lorenzo ...
Trends in neurosciences (Regular ed.),
January 2021, 2021-01-00, 20210101, Volume:
44, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Interoceptive pathways may be manipulated at various levels to develop interventions to improve symptoms in a range of disorders. Primarily through the lens of the respiratory system, we outline ...various pathways that can be manipulated at neural, behavioral, and psychological levels to change the representation of and attention to interoceptive signals, which can alter interconnected physiological systems and improve functioning and adaptive behavior. Interventions can alter interoception via neuromodulation of the vagus nerve, slow breathing to change respiratory rate and depth, or awareness processes such as mindfulness-based interventions. Aspects of this framework may be applied to other physiological systems and future research may integrate interventions across multiple levels of manipulation or bodily systems.
Neuromodulation can tap into known interoceptive pathways for clinical benefit.Meditation with sustained interoceptive focus on breath sensations increases the neural activation of interoception networks (including insula) and decreases engagement of the default mode network, which supports self-referential processing.While sympatholytic medications often have intolerable side effects, interoceptive interventions may be a safe and well-tolerated modality to improve sympathetic regulation and thereby reduce the risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease.Recent findings highlight possible underlying mechanisms of improved interoceptive awareness skills and emotion regulation in mindfulness-based interventions for the treatment of physical and mental health conditions.
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