A magnetic covalent organic framework (Fe
3
O
4
@COF) with core–shell structure was fabricated at room temperature and used as an adsorbent for magnetic solid-phase extraction of polar ...endocrine-disrupting phenols (4-n-nonylphenol, 4-n-octylphenol, bisphenol A and bisphenol AF). The sorbent was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, FTIR, powder X-ray diffraction and other techniques. The main parameters governing the extraction efficiency were optimized. The phenols were quantified by HPLC with fluorometric detection. The method has attractive features such as low limits of detection (0.08–0.21 ng.mL
−1
), wide linear ranges (0.5–1000 ng.mL
−1
), and good repeatability (intra-day: 0.39%–4.99%; inter-day: 1.57%–5.21%). Satisfactory results were obtained when the developed method was applied to determine the four target pollutants in real world drink samples with spiked recoveries over the range of 81.3~118.0%. This indicates that the method is a powerful tool for the enrichment and determination of endocrine-disrupting phenols in drink samples.
Graphical abstract
A magnetite based covalent organic framework (Fe
3
O
4
@COFs) was synthesized with TPAB, TPA and Fe
3
O
4
. It was used for magnetic solid-phase extraction of endocrine-disrupting phenols from plastic-packaged tea drink samples coupled with liquid chromatography (LC) for determination.
Background: Gestational phthalate and bisphenol A (BPA) exposure may increase the risk of adverse maternal/child health outcomes, but there are few data on the variability of urinary biomarkers ...before and during pregnancy. Objective: We characterized the variability of urinary phthalate metabolite and BPA concentrations before and during pregnancy and the ability of a single spot urine sample to classify average gestational exposure, METHODS: We collected 1,001 urine samples before and during pregnancy from 137 women who were partners in couples attending a Boston fertility clinic and who had a live birth. Women provided spot urine samples before (n ≥ 2) and during (n ≥ 2) pregnancy. We measured urinary concentrations of monoethyi phthalate (MEP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP), mono-iso-butyl phthalate, monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), four metabolites of di-(2-ethylhexyi) phthalate (DEHP),. and BPA. After adjusting for specific gravity, we characterized biomarker variability using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and conducted several surrogate category analyses to determine whether a single spot urine sample could adequately classify average gestational exposure. Results: Absolute concentrations of phthalate metabolites and BPA were similar before and during pregnancy. Variability was higher during pregnancy than before pregnancy for BPA and MBzP, but similar during and before pregnancy for MBP, MEP, and EDEHP. During pregnancy, MEP (ICC = 0.50) and MBP (ICC = 0.45) were less variable than BPA (ICC = 0.12), MBzP (ICC = 0.25), and XDEHP metabolites (ICC = 0.08). Surrogate analyses suggested that a single spot urine sample may reasonably classify MEP and MBP concentrations during pregnancy, but more than one sample may be necessary for MBzP, DEHP, and BPA. Conclusions: Urinary phthalate metabolites and BPA concentrations were variable before and during pregnancy, but the magnitude of variability was biomarker specific. A single spot urine sample adequately classified MBP and MEP concentrations during pregnancy. The present results may be related to unique features of the women studied, and replication in other pregnancy cohorts is recommended.
Background: Bisphenol A (BPA) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) are high-productionvolume chemicals used in plastics and resins for food packaging. They have been associated with endocrine ...disruption in animals and in some human studies. Human exposure sources have been estimated, but the relative contribution of dietary exposure to total intake has not been studied empirically. Objectives: To evaluate the contribution of food packaging to exposure, we measured urinary BPA and phthalate metabolites before, during, and after a "fresh foods" dietary intervention. Methods: We selected 20 participants in five families based on self-reported use of canned and packaged foods. Participants ate their usual diet, followed by 3 days of "fresh foods" that were not canned or packaged in plastic, and then returned to their usual diet. We collected evening urine samples over 8 days in January 2010 and composited them into preintervention, during intervention, and postintervention samples. We used mixed-effects models for repeated measures and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests to assess change in urinary levels across time. Results: Urine levels of BPA and DEHP metabolites decreased significantly during the fresh foods intervention e. g., BPA geometric mean (GM), 3.7 ng/mL preintervention vs. 1.2 ng/mL during intervention; mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxy hexyl) phthalate GM, 57 ng/mL vs. 25 ng/mL. The intervention reduced GM concentrations of BPA by 66% and DEHP metabolites by 53-56%. Maxima were reduced by 76% for BPA and 93-96% for DEHP metabolites. Conclusions: BPA and DEHP exposures were substantially reduced when participants' diets were restricted to food with limited packaging.
The substitution of bisphenol A (BPA) by bisphenol B (BPB), a very close structural analog, stresses the need to assess its potential endocrine properties.
This analysis aimed to investigate whether ...BPB has endocrine disruptive properties in humans and in wildlife as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) definition used in the regulatory field, that is,
) adverse effects,
) endocrine activity, and
) plausible mechanistic links between the observed endocrine activity and adverse effects.
We conducted a systematic review to identify BPB adverse effects and endocrine activities by focusing on animal models and
mechanistic studies. The results were grouped by modality (estrogenic, androgenic, thyroid hormone, steroidogenesis-related, or other endocrine activities). After critical analysis of results, lines of evidence were built using a weight-of-evidence approach to establish a biologically plausible link. In addition, the ratio of BPA to BPB potency was reported from studies investigating both bisphenols.
Among the 36 articles included in the analysis, 3 subchronic studies consistently reported effects of BPB on reproductive function. In rats, the 28-d and 48-week studies showed alteration of spermatogenesis associated with a lower height of the seminiferous tubules, the alteration of several sperm parameters, and a weight loss for the testis, epididymis, and seminal vesicles. In zebrafish, the results of a 21-d reproductive study demonstrated that exposed fish had a lower egg production and a lower hatching rate and viability. The
and
mechanistic data consistently demonstrated BPB's capacity to decrease testosterone production and to exert an estrogenic-like activity similar to or greater than BPA's, both pathways being potentially responsible for spermatogenesis impairment in rats and fish.
The available
,
, and
data, although limited, coherently indicates that BPB meets the WHO definition of an endocrine disrupting chemical currently used in a regulatory context. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5200.
Bone effects attributed to bisphenols (BPs) include the inhibition of growth and differentiation. This study analyzes the effect of BPA analogs (BPS, BPF, and BPAF) on the gene expression of the ...osteogenic markers RUNX2, osterix (OSX), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), BMP-7, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), collagen-1 (COL-1), and osteocalcin (OSC). Human osteoblasts were obtained by primary culture from bone chips harvested during routine dental work in healthy volunteers and were treated with BPF, BPS, or BPAF for 24 h at doses of 10
, 10
, and 10
M. Untreated cells were used as controls. Real-time PCR was used to determine the expression of the osteogenic marker genes RUNX2, OSX, BMP-2, BMP-7, ALP, COL-1, and OSC. The expression of all studied markers was inhibited in the presence of each analog; some markers (COL-1; OSC, BMP2) were inhibited at all three doses and others only at the highest doses (10
and 10
M). Results obtained for the gene expression of osteogenic markers reveal an adverse effect of BPA analogs (BPF, BPS, and BPAF) on the physiology of human osteoblasts. The impact on ALP, COL-1, and OSC synthesis and therefore on bone matrix formation and mineralization is similar to that observed after exposure to BPA. Further research is warranted to determine the possible contribution of BP exposure to the development of bone diseases such as osteoporosis.
Background: Prenatal exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) increases offspring aggression and diminishes differences in sexually dimorphic behaviors in rodents. Objective: We examined the association between ...prenatal BPA exposure and behavior in 2-year-old children. Methods: We used data from 249 mothers and their children in Cincinnati, Ohio (USA). Maternal urine was collected around 16 and 26 weeks of gestation and at birth. BPA concentrations were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography–isotope-dilution tandem mass spectrometry. Child behavior was assessed at 2 years of age using the second edition of the Behavioral Assessment System for Children (BASC-2). The association between prenatal BPA concentrations and BASC-2 scores was analyzed using linear regression. Results: Median BPA concentrations were 1.8 (16 weeks), 1.7 (26 weeks), and 1.3 (birth) ng/mL. Mean (± SD) BASC-2 externalizing and internalizing scores were 47.6 ± 7.8 and 44.8 ± 7.0, respectively. After adjustment for confounders,$log_{10}$-transformed mean prenatal BPA concentrations were associated with externalizing scores, but only among females β = 6.0; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.1-12.0. Compared with 26-week and birth concentrations, BPA concentrations collected around 16 weeks were more strongly associated with externalizing scores among all children (β = 2.9; 95% CI, 0.2-5.7), and this association was stronger in females than in males. Among all children, measurements collected at ≤ 16 weeks showed a stronger association (β = 5.1; 95% CI, 1.5-8.6) with externalizing scores than did measurements taken at 17-21 weeks ( β = 0.6; 95% CI, -2.9 to 4.1). Conclusions: These results suggest that prenatal BPA exposure may be associated with externalizing behaviors in 2-year-old children, especially among female children.
Little is known with regard to the occurrence of potentially toxic chemicals in textiles and clothes. In this study, 77 textiles and infant clothing pieces were analyzed for the determination of ...bisphenols including bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol S (BPS), benzophenones, bisphenol A diglycidyl ethers (BADGEs), and novolac glycidyl ethers (NOGEs). BPA and BPS occurred in 82% and 53% of the textile samples, respectively, and at mean concentrations of 366 and 15 ng/g, respectively. Benzophenone-3 (BP3) occurred in 70% of the samples at a mean concentration of 11.3 ng/g. Among 11 BADGEs and NOGEs analyzed, BFDGE was the predominant compound, with a mean concentration of 13.6 ng/g. Concentrations of target chemicals were assessed by fabric type, color, and uses. Socks contained the highest concentrations of BPA (mean: 1810 ng/g) with concentrations as high as 13 300 ng/g in a 97% polyester fabric marketed for infants. Calculated dermal exposure dose to BPA by infants via textiles was as high as 7280 pg/kg BW/d. This is the first study to report the occurrence of, and exposure to, BPA, BPS, BADGEs, and NOGEs in textiles and clothing.
Bisphenols (BPs) are a series of widely used endocrine disruptors, which potentially harm the environment and human health. In this work, a novel Z-scheme TiO2-BiVO4-PI heterostructure was ...synthesized, characterized, and used for the simulated sunlight-driven photoelectrocatalytic degradation of BPs. Due to the existence of surface-surface contacted direct Z-scheme between BiVO4 and PI, holes were concentrated on the valence band of BiVO4 and electrons were concentrated on the conduction band of PI, resulting in a stronger redox activity. All six BPs exhibited appreciable degradation following the order of bisphenol A (BPA, 93.5%) > bisphenol B (BPB, 92.7%) > bisphenol AP (BPAP, 85.6%) > bisphenol F (BPF, 75.9%) > bisphenol AF (BPAF, 69.8%) > bisphenol S (BPS, 39.2%), within 120 min under the optimal condition. In the process of degradation, superoxide radicals (·O2−) and hydroxyl radicals (·OH) played dominant roles, and the intermediates of BPs degradation were mainly formed via the substituent shedding or C–C bond breaking of phenol ring, hydroxylation, and ring opening of phenol ring. The ECOSAR program was used to analyze the changes in the toxicity of the intermediates, and it was proved that the toxicity showed a decrease trend during the degradation process. This study provides a Z-scheme mechanism for TiO2-BiVO4-PI, which can degrade BPs and reduce their toxicity effectively.
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•Sunlight-driven TiO2-BiVO4-PI photoelectrocatalyst was prepared and characterized.•BiVO4 and PI form a surface-to-surface contact Z-scheme.•The higher charge separation efficiency with a strong redox ability was confirmed.•Various BPs were efficiently degraded by TiO2-BiVO4-PI heterostructure.•The toxicity of the BPs and intermediates showed a decrease trend in this PEC system.
Bisphenol A (BPA) is known as one of the oldest synthetic compounds with endocrine disrupting activity. It is commonly used in the production of epoxy resins, polycarbonates, dental fillings, food ...storage containers, baby bottles, and water containers. BPA is associated with various health problems such as obesity, diabetes, chronic respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, renal diseases, behavior disorders, breast cancer, tooth development disorders, and reproductive disorders. Increasing health concerns have led the industry to seek alternatives to BPA. As BPA is now being excluded from several consumer products, the use of alternative compounds is increasing. However, the chemicals used to replace BPA are also BP analogues and may have similar or higher toxicological effects on organisms. The aim of this review is to focus on the toxicological profiles of different BP analogues (i.e. BPS and BPF) which are increasingly used today as alternative to BPA.
Concentrations of eight bisphenol analogues (BPs) including BPA, BPS, and BPF were determined in surface waters collected from select rivers in Japan, Korea, China, and India. BPA was found at a ...concentration in the range of several tens to several hundreds of nanograms per liter in most of the rivers surveyed and some of the highest concentrations (54–1950ng/L) were found in rivers in Chennai, India. Concentrations of BPF were one to two orders of magnitude higher than those of BPA in river and sea waters collected from Japan, Korea and China, which suggested that BPF is a major contaminant in surface waters in several Southeast Asian countries. BPF concentrations as high as 2850ng/L were found in the Tamagawa River in Japan. The flux of BPs through riverine discharges into Tokyo Bay was calculated to be approximately 5.5t per year. Based on the flux estimates and the mass of BPF found in water column and sediment in Tokyo Bay, it was found that BPF degrades faster than BPA in the environment. Elevated concentrations of BPF found in surface waters suggest the need for further studies to determine the fate and toxicity of this compound.
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•BPA, BPS, and BPF were measured in surface waters in four Asian countries.•BPA was found at several tens to hundreds of ng/L concentrations.•BPF was the major bisphenol in rivers and the levels exceeded those of BPA.•The riverine flux of BPA, BPS, and BPF was calculated for Tokyo Bay.
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