Reducing salt intake is one of the most cost-effective interventions to improve population health due to the subsequent reductions in blood pressure. Countries are introducing programs to lower salt ...consumption. Such programs usually focus on reducing salt in packaged foods and meals alongside campaigns to change consumer behavior. Thus, this paper provides an overview of the rationale for and evidence supporting the use of salt substitutes. Current approaches to salt reduction are insufficient, and more innovative solutions need to be identified. There is good evidence that salt substitutes, where some of the sodium is replaced with potassium, are effective to lower sodium total intake. The main challenge is to understand the pathways to market for salt substitutes. How do we implement programs to promote salt substitutes in different countries? What levels of government intervention are required? With more research and government investment, salt substitutes could be a game changer for increasing the impact of strategies to reduce population salt intake.
Previous studies reported that iron may have an indispensable role in the risk of hypertension (HTN). However, the result of the studies on the relationship between iron and risk of HTN is ...inconsistent. This study aimed to assess the association between the association of dietary iron intake and HTN in the Iranian population. This case–control study was conducted on 4184 people aged 35 to 70, including 1239 people with HTN and 2945 people with normal blood pressure (BP) in Sabzevar, Iran. Dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The Nutritionist IV software was used in terms of the assessment of dietary intake of iron. An inverse association was found between iron intake and HTN (
OR
= 0.97,
CI
95%: 0.94–0.99,
P
= 0.04). The association remained significant after adjustment for age, gender, smoking, drinking alcohol, calorie intake, and BMI (
OR
= 0.94,
CI
95%: 0.89–0.98,
P
= 0.01). As a conclusion, iron intake was inversely associated with HTN. Further longitudinal studies on the effect of iron intake on BP are required to confirm this finding.
Background: Hemoglobin (Hb) is a protein molecule containing iron from red blood cells and myoglobin in the muscles which functions to carry oxygen from the lungs to all body tissues and brings back ...carbon dioxide from all body tissues to the lungs to be excreted from the body. Hb level during pregnancy is very important because it affects the condition of the mother and fetus. If the Hb level of pregnant women is low, it can cause anemia. Symptoms of anemia are dizziness, pallor, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and decreased appetite. One of the foods that are good for pregnant women to consume is corn. It contains vitamins B1, B6, B9, B12, Biotin and pantothenic acid to metabolize carbohydrates, coenzymes, increase endurance, overcome nausea and vomiting, Hb formation and prevent anemia. Objectives : This study aimed to determine the benefits of corn in trimester I pregnant women against complaints of pregnant women in trimester I. Methods : This research was a quasi-experiment with a pretest-posttest two group design approach in Lohia District, Muna Regency, Southeast Sulawesi in 2020 with simple random sampling and the subjects in this study consisted of 20 in intervention and 20 in controls. The data collection technique was done by using an observation sheet to record the Hb measurement results. The t-test was used as a sample analysis test to determine the benefits of corn. Results : The results showed that in the first trimester of pregnant women, there was a significant increase in Hb levels after being given corn (Zea Mays) with P value = 0.000 <α = 0.05. Conclusion : The benefits of giving corn to trimester I pregnant women against complaints of trimester I pregnant women
Permissive hypertension may benefit patients with non-recanalized large vessel occlusion (nrLVO) post mechanical thrombectomy (MT) by maintaining brain perfusion. Data evaluating the impact of ...post-MT blood pressure (BP) levels on outcomes in nrLVO patients are scarce. We investigated the association of the post-MT BP course with safety and efficacy outcomes in nrLVO.
Hourly systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) values were prospectively recorded for 24 hours following MT in consecutive nrLVO patients. Maximum, minimum, and mean BP levels were documented. Three-month functional independence (FI) was defined as modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores of 0-2.
A total of 88 nrLVO patients were evaluated post MT. Patients with FI had lower maximum SBP (160±19 mmHg vs 179±23 mmHg; P=0.001) and higher minimum SBP levels (119±12 mmHg vs 108±25 mmHg; P=0.008). Maximum SBP (183±20 mmHg vs 169±23 mmHg; P=0.008) and DBP levels (105±20 mmHg vs 89±18 mmHg; P=0.001) were higher in patients who died at 3 months while minimum SBP values were lower (102±28 mmHg vs 115±16 mmHg; P=0.007). On multivariable analyses, both maximum SBP (OR per 10 mmHg increase: 0.55, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.79; P=0.001) and minimum SBP (OR per 10 mmHg increase: 1.64, 95% CI 1.04 to 2.60; P=0.033) levels were independently associated with the odds of FI. Maximum DBP (OR per 10 mmHg increase: 1.61; 95% CI 1.10 to 2.36; P=0.014) and minimum SBP (OR per 10 mmHg increase: 0.65, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.90; P=0.009) values were independent predictors of 3-month mortality.
Our study demonstrates that wide BP excursions from the mean during the first 24 hours post MT are associated with worse outcomes in patients with nrLVO.
Background/Aim. Interatrial conduction time is early marker of disturbed impulse propagation in adult with elevated blood pressure. The aim of our study was to evaluate significance of noninvasive ...echocardiographic marker of slow sinus impulse propagation (atrial conduction time) for the identification of persons with slightly elevated blood pressure and hypertension in adults. Methods. One hundred and forty nine adults with normal and elevated blood pressure were studied: 46 normotensive adults (group 1), 28 adults with elevated blood pressure and hypertension stage 1 (group 2) and 75 adults with hypertension stage 2 (group 3), based on the Joint National Committee 8 (JNC-8) hypertension guidelines. We studied P wave dispersion, reservoir function of the left atrium (LA), total emptying volume of the LA and total emptying fraction of the LA (LATEF). The atrial conduction time (ACT) was evaluated by the pulsed tissue Doppler, and expressed as interatrial and intraatrial conduction time. Results. The LATEF decreased progressively from the group 3 (64.8 ? 4.4%) to the group 2 (59.8 ? 5.2%) and the group 1 (55.6 ? 7.3%) (p < 0.001). The P wave dispersion (55.1 ? 9.8 ms vs. 46.8 ? 3.1 ms vs. 43.1 ? 2.6 ms; p < 0.01) and intra ACT were significantly prolonged only in the group 3 compared to the other groups (22.7 ? 11.0 ms vs. 8.4 ? 4.7ms vs. 5.6 ? 2.4 ms, respectively; p < 0.001). Inter ACT significantly increased from the group 1 to the group 2 and the group 3 (15.6 ? 3.9 ms vs. 24.6 ? 5.7 ms vs. 50.4 ? 20 ms, respectively; p < 0.05). Using a cut-off level of 19.5 ms, inter ACT could separate adults in the group 2 from the group 1 with a sensitivity of 85%, and specificity of 89% area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve 0.911. Conclusion. Prolonged ACT estimated with the tissue Doppler may be useful for identification persons with slighty elevated blood pressure, and hypertension stage 1.
nema
Introduction: A single exercise session is able to cause reductions in blood pressure levels, post-exercise hypotension is observed from various types of aerobic exercise, the duration and magnitude ...of this effect in normotensive individuals seem to be lower than in hypertensive patients. Objective: To verify changes in blood pressure after the exercise test performed at high temperature by healthy young individuals who did not practice regular physical activities. Methods: We selected 19 normotensive individuals, male, 18 to 30 years old and not regular physical activity practitioners. Participants were monitored by a frequency meter and a blood pressure monitor to measure heart rate and blood pressure during the exercise test and at rest, checking their post-exercise hypotension. Results: During the test the mean temperature was 29.75±1.44C° and mean air humidity 62.37± 3.65%. The highest values of systolic blood pressure were post-exercise, while the lowest values were observed after 15 minutes of rest. (R = 0.597, p <0.007), post-exercise SBP and weight (r = 0.571, p <0.011) and SBP rest 5 minutes and BMI (r = 0.613; p <0,005). Conclusion: Under conditions of high temperature and humidity recovery after exercise was compromised where the blood pressure continued to decrease, however the heart rate despite presenting reductions did not return to the initial values.
Introdução: Uma única sessão de exercícios é capaz de provocar reduções nos níveis pressóricos sendo que a hipotensão pós-exercício é observada a partir da realização de variados tipos de exercícios aeróbios, a duração e a magnitude desse efeito em normotensos parecem ser menores que em hipertensos. Objetivo: Foi verificar as alterações na pressão arterial após o teste ergométrico realizado em elevada temperatura, por indivíduos jovens saudáveis não praticantes de atividades físicas regulares. Métodos: Foram selecionados 19 indivíduos normotensos, sexo masculino, de 18 a 30 anos e não praticantes de atividades físicas regulares. Os participantes foram monitorados por um frequencímetro e por um monitor de pressão arterial, para mensurar a frequência cardíaca e a pressão arterial durante a realização do teste ergométrico e em repouso, verificando a hipotensão pós-exercício dos mesmos. Resultados: Durante o teste a temperatura média foi de 29,75±1,44C° e umidade média do ar 62,37±3,65%. Os valores mais elevados da pressão arterial sistólica foram pós- exercício, enquanto os menores foram observados após 15 minutos de repouso. Foram observadas correlações entre algumas variáveis, PAS inicial e circunferência abdominal (r=0,597; p<0,007), PAS pós-exercício e Peso (r=0,571; p<0,011) e PAS repouso 5 minutos e IMC (r=0,613; p<0,005). Conclusão: Em condições de elevada temperatura e umidade a recuperação após o exercício apresentou-se comprometida onde a pressão arterial continuou reduzindo, no entanto a frequência cardíaca apesar de apresentar reduções não retornou aos valores iniciais.
Background: Blacks have a greater prevalence of hypertension and associated target organ damage than Whites. Salt and stress are two risk factors that have been associated with these differences. ...Hypothesis: Stress induced impaired sodium regulation results in an extended period of elevated blood pressure in Blacks. The resulting increased cardiovascular load contributes to the premature development of hypertension in Blacks. Methods: Black youths (n=121; aged 15-18 years) were brought into similar levels of sodium balance. Sodium excretion (UNaV) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were measured during a one hour stress period which was preceded and followed by two hour rest periods. The subjects were divided into two groups based on the direction of change in UNaV during the stress period: excrete (n = 82); and retain (n = 39). Results: The time by group interactions were significant for both variables (P<0.001). “Excreters” showed a significant stress induced increase in SBP (12 ± 9 vs. 17 ± 10; P<0.001) coupled with a significant increase in UNaV (10 ± 5 vs. 16 ± 7 mEq/hr; P<0.001). Both SBP and UNaV returned to baseline levels following stress. In contrast, for “retainers” the stress induced increase in SBP (113 ± 10 vs. 120 ± 13) was associated with a decrease in UNaV (13 ± 6 vs. 10 ± 6 mEq/hr; P<0.001) which continued to decrease into the first hour following the stress period (7 ± 3 mEq/hr; P <0.01). SBP decreased following stress, but did not return to baseline levels by the end of the second hour following the stress period (117 ± 10; P <0.03). Conclusion: These results support our hypothesis by demonstrating impaired sodium regulation during stress leads to an extended period of elevated blood pressure following stress. Further research is needed to determine if this pattern of response leads to the early development of essential hypertension and its sequelae in Blacks.
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